BREEDING AND AGRONOMY OF QUINOA FOR ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: NEW
• Funding Source: OTHER GRANTS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1010611
• Grant No.: 2016-51300-25808
• Project No.: WNP03110
• Proposal No.: 2016-04408
• Program Code: 113.A
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2016
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2020
• Grant Year: 2016

Project Director
Murphy, K.

Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001

Performing Department
Crop and Soil Sciences

Non Technical Summary
Quinoa is a nutritious and broadly adapted seed crop in high demand in the U.S. and around the world. However, information regarding the optimal varieties, best management practices, and marketing options for quinoa across diverse regions in the U.S. is lacking. To further develop the domestic organic quinoa market, stakeholders have identified several high priority research needs, including (1) breeding of quinoa varieties with heat tolerance; (2) breeding of quinoa varieties with insect and pathogen resistance; and (3) the development of agronomic systems and tools that promote weed control. Our project addresses these stakeholder needs by developing new quinoa varieties and best management practices for growing organic quinoa across multiple regions in the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop a vibrant and strong organic quinoa supply chain across the U.S., which would allow organic farms to diversify their operations and increase their profitability by incorporating quinoa.This project will provide urgently needed information regarding organic quinoa production as an alternative crop. Our research and extension objectives are designed to create economic and ecological opportunities for quinoa production across a diversity of regions in the U.S. The rationale underlying the proposed research is that U.S. growers will have new technology and information for growing organic quinoa successfully and profitably. The results of the project will contribute the facilitation of organic agricultural production by generating research information, and educating clientele on a range of topics related to quinoa production and marketing. We expect our project to increase the number of organic quinoa growers in suitable growing regions across the U.S. Additionally, we expect to provide a sound on-farm research-based platform for existing farmers and emerging quinoa growers to diversify their current cropping rotations and marketing options.Critical needs of quinoa distributors, wholesalers, and retailers focus on the need for reliable sources of domestic, organic, high-quality quinoa. Imports of quinoa have increased from 4 million pounds in 2007 to over 93 million pounds in 2015 (Nunez de Arco, personal communication). Evaluating the potential for quinoa production across diverse regions in the U.S. is important to consumers and distributors and could prove profitable for domestic farmers. Identification of varieties with specific and consistent quality traits across variable environments is critical to the successful establishment of a domestic quinoa market. Approximately 65 to 70% of annual U.S. imports of quinoa is organic (Nunez de Arco, personal communication), and the development of a strong, resilient organic and domestically grown quinoa supply is necessary to fill this need.In the U.S., quinoa is a relatively new crop to the farmer and a relatively new food to the consumer, thus we must improve our knowledge of quinoa market potential and supply-chain challenges. This research will determine the economicsof crop enterprises, including that of quinoa, in organic grain production systems. Economic findings will provide valuable information for growers in designing their own cropping systems. For example, our financial analyses will provide immediately useful information to growers about how their management practices related to pests and soil quality impact the economic returns of their operations and steps that can be used to reduce their costs and improve sustainability.Farmers seeking to diversify their production systems and marketing options, and U.S. distributors currently experiencing severe supply shortages of quinoa, stand to benefit significantly from this research. Potential economic metrics will be measured through documented changes in quinoa growing acreage in the target regions, and in the ability of quinoa distributors to meet the growing consumer demand by sourcing and supplying domestically grown, organic quinoa. Evaluation of program impact will occur through discussions with the advisory panel and by a mail survey of current and potential organic quinoa growers in WA, UT, MN, and MD in years 1 and 4 of the project. Questions will probe production practices, economics, perceptions of opportunities and constraints, and future research and Extension needs.Farmers and quinoa distributors have been instrumental in the development of this project. To identify and prioritize critical research and extension objectives for this project, we gathered input from farmers and other stakeholders through numerous field days, demonstrations and roundtables. Moreover, our preliminary variety trials have all been conducted in farmers' fields across various regions of the U.S. One trial in Beltsville, MD, for example, is located on the Firebird Research Farm, which is part of University of District of Columbia (UDC). The UDC is a historically black serving college (HBSC) that has the unique position of being the only urban 1860s land grant university in the U.S. The farm holds numerous field days throughout the year attended by urban/suburban residents of the region, and between the Firebird Farm and the urban agriculture activities around the campus in DC, the university conducts agricultural outreach for over 30,000 people a year. A Stakeholder Advisory Committee, of which Firebird Farm is represented, was formed for this current proposed project in the winter/spring of 2016, consisting of representative growers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users.We will use a broad array of extension and outreach tools to reach a range of stakeholders. These include multiple field days across all target regions of this project, several webinars, Extension bulletins, workshops, participatory research with farmers, yearly reports on our proposed project website, talks and posters at farmer and academic conferences, and papers in peer-reviewed journals. The goals of the Communication/Outreach Plan are to: (1) increase awareness of challenges andopportunities for production of organic quinoa, and (2) disseminate information generated in research and demonstration trials to growers and processors.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

80%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
203	1599	1081	30%
102	1599	1070	20%
601	1599	3010	10%
201	1599	1080	10%
502	1599	1010	30%

Knowledge Area
502 - New and Improved Food Products; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms; 601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management;

Subject Of Investigation
1599 - Grain crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology; 1080 - Genetics; 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 3010 - Economics; 1081 - Breeding;

Keywords

quinoa

agronomy

breeding

economics

entomology

food science

genomics

mycorrhizae

soil biology

Goals / Objectives
The long-term goals of this multi-region, integrative project are to: (1) breed high-yielding, nutritious quinoa varieties for organic systems that are adapted to abiotic and biotic stresses through (a) the Washington State University (WSU) quinoa breeding program and (b) a cohesive variety testing program in Washington, Utah, Minnesota, and Maryland; (2) evaluate and develop best management practices to optimize organic quinoa production systems across diverse environments; (3) understand the economics of domestic organic quinoa production, processing and marketing, and; (4) disseminate information to target diverse audiences using a range of extension tools.Research and Extension Objectives1. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest;2. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production in diverse environments in the U.S.;3. Characterize diverse quinoa genotypes for beneficial mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and endophytic associations;4. Evaluate processing and end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines;5. Measure the economic performance of different organic quinoa and grain production systems; and6. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing.

Project Methods
Objective 1. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. Four experiments will be conducted to help achieve the overall goals of Objective 1: (1) multi-region, certified organic quinoa variety trials; (2) quinoa breeding, selection and varietal release within, and for, organic systems; (3) genetic characterization of quinoa germplasm and genome wide association study (GWAS) of genes controlling mildew resistance; and (4) heat-stress physiology and screening tools for variety selection.Objective 2. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production across diverse environments in the U.S. Each region in this project presents distinct agronomic challenges, including considerable differences in precipitation; soil type, fertility and biology; dominant cropping systems; environmental stresses; landscape; and climate. The agronomic trials in this objective have been tailored to evaluate quinoa production in each environment.Objective 3. Evaluate diverse quinoa genotypes for beneficial mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and endophytic associations. Organic farming systems rely largely on microbial-mediated processes for nutrient availability. AMF play an important role in plant uptake of nutrients, especially with the ability to incorporate organic forms of P (Kahiluoto and Vestberg 1998) and N (Hawking et al. 2000), and therefore are particularly important for low-input and organic systems that cannot rely on calculated inputs of synthetic nutrients. Quinoa belongs to a family of plants that has long been thought of as non-mycorrhizal, but there is growing evidence that quinoa can and does in fact form associations with AMF.Objective 4. Evaluate processing and end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Dr. Ganjyal of WSU will coordinate this component of the project. This will include evaluation of all the varieties and breeding lines for their nutritional value (including mineral concentrations, amino acid profiles, fiber content, bioactive compounds), processing properties (including thermal and pasting properties) and capacity to fit into selected model food systems (including noodle, cereal and snack products).Objective 5. Measure the economic performance of different organic quinoa and grain production systems.In the past two decades, due to increased demand in the U.S. and Europe, the price of quinoa has increased dramatically from $892/ton in 1999 to $2,500/ton in 2011. The price of organic quinoa is even higher, averaging $3,100/ton. Amazingly, prices tripled from 2011 to 2013, reaching $7,500/ton. In the U.S. alone, imports of quinoa rose from 7 million pounds per year in 2007 to the current rate of over 95 million pounds per year. In the U.S., quinoa is a relatively new crop to the farmer and a relatively new food to the consumer, thus we must improve our knowledge of quinoa market potential and supply-chain challenges. This research will determine the economicsof crop enterprises, including that of quinoa, in organic grain production systems. Economic findings will provide valuable information for growers in designing their own cropping systems. For example, our financial analyses will provide immediately useful information to growers about how their management practices related to pests and soil quality impact the economic returns of their operations and steps that can be used to reduce their costs and improve sustainability.Objective 6. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing.Dr. Creech of USU will lead the Extension Agronomy component of this project. Dr. Ganjyal of WSU will lead the post-harvest, end-use quality, processing and new product development components of this project. Our model for reaching agricultural producers and professionals is based on: (1) using University Research and Extension Centers as testing sites to screen quinoa varieties; (2) evaluating the most promising lines and production practices in on-farm trials using statistically robust trial designs; (3) using research trials (on and off research centers) as centers of dissemination; and (4) developing outreach materials and disseminating information through a variety of printed and digital media.

Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, chefs, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of field days, publications in peer reviewed academic journals, an extension bulletin, and talks at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During this reporting period we published six papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, one extension bulletin, and submitted six manuscripts for publication in peer-reviewed academic journals. Our lab groups have given multiple presentations, both poster and oral, at farmer meetings, departmental seminars and scientific conferences. These papers, manuscripts and presentations range across the following topics: quinoa breeding, physiology, high-throughput phenotyping, genetics, nutrition and food science. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to conduct the thirdyear trials of Objective 1 and 2 above, and continue research on Objectives 3 to 5. We intend to continue to carry out a robust dissemination program (Objective 6).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In 2018, statewide variety trials were carried out in the following four states: Maryland, Minnesota, Utah, and Washington. Minnesota and Washington proved to be the environments with the highest yields across the cultivars and breeding lines. This information will assist us in determining which variety or varieties to release prior to the close of the grant. Seed is still being processed at the writing of this report, so seed yield and subsequent data will be available in the next report. One of the most common nutritional claims for quinoa is that it is a complete protein. These claims are widely accepted, though they are based only on a few varieties in a few environments. We tested this claim by examining 23 amino acids in 100 quinoa samples from four environments. Our preliminary analysis shows that for adults, many of the quinoa varieties were complete proteins, but a significant portion were not. For infants and young children, a much higher number of the quinoa varieties were not complete proteins, but a significant portion were. The limiting amino acid was most commonly Leucine. This suggest that it is important to select for amino acid content as we develop new quinoa varieties. We are also analying the functionality and consumer preference of different quinoa products. First, we are developing complete seed compositional analysis profiles of our top 25 breeding lines (and multiple others). These lines were grown in our multi-state variety trials and will continue to be analyzed for each year and location moving forward. Our goal is to identify, classify and develop different market classes of quinoa as this information is sorely lacking. The only available market classes are currently based only on seed color, whereas functionality is ignored. Second, we are conducting quinoa baking trials with pan bread, hearth bread and pancakes, where we test different quinoa/wheat ratios for quality, functionalilty and flavor. All our food science and nutritional trials made significant progress this year, and are ongoing through 2019 as well. We continued our heat and drought tolerance trials, and in 2018, two manuscripts were published on heat and/or tolerance in quinoa, and two more submitted. In one submitted manuscript, we showed a correlated peroxisome proliferation with tolerance to heat and drought stress. This could provide a relatively high-throughput method for testing for abiotic stress tolerance in quinoa as we develop new varieties. In a second submitted manuscript, we tested different spectral reflectance indices and physiological parameters in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments for their relationship with yield potential and heat and drought tolerance. We found that NDVI is the most predicitve index for seed yield in quinoa; leaf greeness index was useful for identifying heat tolerance in quinoa. In a different published paper, we showed that pollen viability under heat-stressed conditions is genotype-specific; we were able to identify genotypes with variation in pollen viability under abiotic stress, and the impact on plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. At the University of Nevada, Reno, Ashley Eustis joined the project in Fall 2017 as a graduate student in the MSc Environmental Sciences Program under the guidance of Felipe Barrios Masias. We developed protocols to grow and evaluate quinoa in greenhouses and evaluate responses to heat stress in growth chambers. Plants have been exposed to simulated heat waves based on Pullman, WA data, and we concluded that higher temperatures were necessary to observe better plant responses. Ten genotypes known to differ in heat tolerance were provided by WSU. Evaluations included: 1) Cell membrane stability from plants exposed to heat in growth chambers and from tissue exposed to heat in a laboratory setting. In the laboratory we have evaluated different incubating temperatures to define which one can provide a better separation between genotypes. At least five experiments have been conducted with no less than 120 plants per experiment (10 reps per genotype); 2) Changes in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus using the PhotosynQ (https://photosynq.org/). These measurements have been conducted at pre-dawn and during the day in four round of experiments. Each experiment had at least 120 plants; 3) Leaf gas exchange measurements using the LiCor 6400. Measurements have been conducted in three experiments and two are growing in the greenhouse to conduct measurements before the end of 2018; 4) Leaf respiration using the LiCor 6400. We have conducted preliminary work to understand the effects of high temperatures to respiration. Measurements have been conducted at night. Two experiments are growing in the greenhouse and will be evaluated before the end of 2018; 5) Preliminary work is being conducted with a thermal imaging camera FLIR T530sc. Results so far indicate that quinoa has great capacity to acclimate to high temperatures and doesn't show changes in cell membrane stability and leaf gas exchange. We have also observed that the conditions in the greenhouse prior to the experiment (e.g,. minimum and maximum temperature) impact the plant response, and this is going to be taken into consideration for the upcoming experiments. Germplasm Collection:The ability of American farmers to be engaged in long-term, sustainable organic quinoa production at low altitudes will depend on breeders' access to diverse sources of genetic-based pest, disease, and heat tolerance. With that goal in mind, researchers at BYU have been collecting quinoa's wild sister species, Chenopodium berlandieri (pitseed goosefoot). From October 10-11, 2017, Rick Jellen and David Jarvis traveled to Tucson and collected 56 Chenopodium populations in Southeast Arizona. These included 14 populations of pitseed goosefoot (vars. sinuatum and zschackei) as well as populations of diploid C. arizonicum, C. fremontii, C. neomexicanum, C. palmeri, C. sonorense, and C. watsonii. During the period April 19-21, 2018, Jellen, Jarvis, and Jeff Maughan flew to South Texas and collected seed from 23 populations of the berlandieri interior ecotype, six populations of the Gulf Coast boscianum ecotype, plus seven populations of putative diploid C. albescens. Jellen collected two populations of the sinuatum ecotype of C. berlandieri above Malibu, California on June 13. On September 20-24 Jellen and Maughan flew to New England and collected nine populations of the Atlantic Coast macrocalycium ecotype. From October 3-5, Jellen and a student flew to Oklahoma and collected eight populations of the sinuatum ecotype, four of the zschackei ecotype, and eight populations of a unique ecotype with intermediate characteristics between vars. sinuatum/zschackei and berlandieri, along with numerous narrow-leaved diploid Chenopodium populations. ?Genome Wide Association Studies: Sequencing A total of 479 samples of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were genotyped using tGBS® Genotyping by Sequencing technology with the restriction enzyme Bsp1286I. Samples were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq X instrument, and reads were aligned to the Chenopodium quinoa v1.0 reference genome after debarcoding and trimming. SNP calling was conducted using only those reads that align to a single location in the reference genome. The genotyping was contracted out to Freedom Markers who generated several sets of SNPs within the population. The first set termed "ALL SNPs" is a less stringent SNP set containing 309,224 SNP sites. A second (more stringent, higher quality) set of 198,288 SNP sites was also produced wherein each SNP site was genotyped in at least 50% of the samples and to as MCR50 SNP set. Each of these SNPs is supported on average by 31 tGBS reads/SNP/genotyped sample.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan, F. Fuentes, L. Gomez-Pando, R. Jellen, J. Maughan, D. Jarvis (2018). Advances in quinoa breeding and genomics. Plant Breeding Reviews (accepted, in press).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hinojosa Sanchez, L., J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy* (2018). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (available online) https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12302.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Noratto, G.D., K. Murphy, B.P. Chew (submitted August 2018). Quinoa intake reduces plasma and liver cholesterol, lessens obesity-associated inflammation, and helps to prevent hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mouse. Journal of Functional Foods.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sankaran, S., C.Z. Espinoza, L. Hinojosa, X. Ma, K. Murphy. High-throughput field phenotyping to assess irrigation treatment effects in quinoa. Sensors.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L., M. Sanad, D. Jarvis, P. Steel, K. Murphy*, A. Smertenko*. Peroxisome proliferation correlates with tolerance to heat and drought stress. Plants.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gardner, M., M.F.A. Maliro, K. Murphy, J.R. Goldberger. Assessing the potential adoption of quinoa for human consumption in central Malawi. Agriculture and Food Security.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinojosa, L, J.A. Gonzalez, F.H. Barrious-Masias, F. Fuentes, K. Murphy. Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. Plants.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leonardo Hinojosa, Ph.D. in Crop Science, Graduated Fall 2018 Dissertation: Effect of Heat and Drought Stress in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Halle Choi, Alecia Kiszonas, Carolyn Ross, Craig F. Morris and Kevin M. Murphy. 2018. Effect of two quinoa flour blends on the chemical and physical properties of pancakes, pan bread and hearth bread. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Craine, E., K. Murphy. Seed Composition and Amino Acid Profiles for Quinoa Accessions Grown in Washington State. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cedric Habiyaremye, David White, Daniel Packer, Kurtis L. Schroeder and Kevin M. Murphy. Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on Plant Height, Seed Maturity and Seed Yield of Quinoa and Hulless Barley Grown in No-till in the Palouse. ASA-CSSA Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. 2018.

Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:We targeted small-, mid-, and large-scale growers, backyard gardners, consumers, bakers, millers, processors, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Each of these audience groups was reached through a series of field days, publications in peer reviewed academic journals, an extension bulletin, and talks at academic conferences, farmer meetings, and other venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Farmer training: We conducted an On-Farm Quinoa Selection Workshop: Here we work with farmers in western Washington to conduct both positive and negative selection of multiple diverse populations. As a multi-year endeavor, we are able to show population improvement over time, as well as grow over 200 individual farmer selections in multiple environments. These selections are among the advanced genotypes that will most likely be released as varieties in the near future. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension bulletin Oral presentations at conferences (academic, farmer-oriented, and end-user oriented) Poster presentations Field Days Workshops What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to conduct the second year trials of Objective 1 and 2 above, and begin research on Objectives 3 to 5. We intend to continue to carry out a robust dissemination program (Objective 6).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In the first year of this project we were able to 1) initiate and carry out a multi-state quinoa variety and breeding line trial (see objective 1); 2) conduct two agronomic trials which addressed the problem of finding the best management practices for quinoa in organic systemes across differing environments (see objective 2). Objectives 3 through 5 are underway and we expect positive results on these research topics after year 2 of the project. Objective 6 was reached through multiple oral and poster presentations, an extension bulletin, research papers, and field days and workshops in Year 1. This will continue throughout the project.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa pollen under high temperature conditions. National Association of Plant Breeders, Davis, CA, August 8, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Habiyaremye, C., D. Packer, K.L. Schroeder, K. Murphy (2017). Effect of nitrogen and seeding rate on plant height, seed maturity and seed yield of quinoa and hulless barley grown in no-till farming systems in the Palouse. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy (2017). Evaluation of quinoa genotypes under heat and drought field conditions. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Pullman, WA, March 1, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Breeding quinoa for novel environments in the climate change era. Agriculture and Climate Change Conference, Sitges, Spain, March 25, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Murphy, K. (2017). Alternative crop production in the PNW. Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, January 6, 2017.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Aluwi, N.A., K. Murphy, G.M. Ganjyal (2017). Physicochemical characterization of different varieties of quinoa. Cereal Chemistry 94: 847-856. IF=2.402. (
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy, C.F. Ross (2017). Lexicon development, consumer acceptance, and drivers of liking of quinoa varieties. Journal of Food Science 82: 993-1005. IF=1.649.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Maliro, M.F.A., V.F. Guwela, J. Nyaika, K. Murphy (2017). Preliminary studies of the performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions of central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 227.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jarvis, D.E., Y.S. Ho, D.J. Lightfoot, S.M. Schm�ckel, B. Li, T. Borm, H. Ohyanagi, K. Mineta, C.T. Michell, N. Saber, N.M. Kharbatia, R.R. Rupper, A.R. Sharp, N. Dally, B. Boughton, Y.H. Woo, G. Gao, E. Schijlen, X. Guo, A.A. Momin, S. Negr�o, S. Al-Babili, C. Gehring, U. R?ssner, C. Jung, K. Murphy, S. Arold, T. Gojobori, G. van der Linden, R. van Loo, E.N. Jellen, P.J. Maughan, M. Tester (2017). The genome of Chenopodium quinoa. Nature 542: 307-312.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kristofor Ludvigson, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Summer 2017 Thesis: Alternative Planting and Weed Control Methodology for Certified Organic Quinoa Production in Western Washington State
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Julianne Kellogg, M.S. in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2017 Thesis: Evolutionary Participatory Quinoa Breeding for Organic Agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest Region of the United States