INLAND PACIFIC NORTHWEST WHEAT-BASED SYSTEMS: LANDSCAPES IN TRANSITION

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1012733
• Grant No.: 2017-68002-26819
• Cumulative Award Amt.: $3,414,911.00
• Proposal No.: 2016-11575
• Project Start Date: Aug 1, 2017
• Project End Date: Jul 31, 2023
• Grant Year: 2017
• Program Code: [A3171]- Climate and Land Use

Recipient Organization
UNIV OF IDAHO
875 PERIMETER DRIVE
MOSCOW,ID 83844-9803

Performing Department
Plant, Soil & Entomolog. Sci.

Non Technical Summary
The goal of thisproject is to guide ongoing land use change in the IPNW towards sustainable, resilient agricultural landscapes and food systems. The region has distinct climate zones largely determined by a steep precipitation gradient. In each of two predominant higher precipitation zones, the project will examine one incremental alternative system (winter pea integration) and one transformational alternative system (livestock integration) (Nelson et al., 2007; USDA, 2012) to achieving this goal. In a third, lower-precipitation climatic zone, the project will focus on increasing crop diversity and reducing fallow. These alternative systems have been identified based on ongoing research and interest of the region's progressive producers. Each has potential for adoption leading to diversification and intensification, sustained profitability, and greater adaptive capacity of wheat-based farming systems. Research and outreach related to climate change and wheat systems in the region over decades, including a culminating USDA-NIFA Climate Change and Variability CAP (REACCH: Regional Approaches to Climate Change for Pacific Northwest Agriculture) has informed the framing of this goal and built an infrastructure and collaborative network that will enable success of this project. The methodology to achieve the stated goals of the project will include field studies, laboratory researchand computer modeling.

Animal Health Component

90%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

10%

Applied

90%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
102	0430	2050	20%
213	0199	1140	20%
211	1549	1130	20%
141	0499	2020	20%
111	1412	3010	20%

Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 213 - Weeds Affecting Plants; 141 - Air Resource Protection and Management;

Subject Of Investigation
1549 - Wheat, general/other; 0430 - Climate; 0199 - Soil and land, general; 0499 - Atmosphere, general/other; 1412 - Peas (dry);

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering; 2050 - Hydrology; 1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1140 - Weed science; 3010 - Economics;

Keywords

agroecological classes

climate variability

cover crop

inland pacific northwest

resiliency

wheat

Goals / Objectives
The goal of this CAP is to guide ongoing land use change in the Inland Pacific Northwest (IPNW) towards sustainable, resilient agricultural landscapes and food systems. The region has distinct climate zones largely determined by a steep precipitation gradient. In each of two predominant higher precipitation zones, the project will examine one incremental alternative system (winter pea integration) and one transformational alternative system (livestock integration) (Nelson et al., 2007; USDA, 2012). In a third, lower-precipitation climatic zone, the project will focus on increasing crop diversity and reducing fallow. These alternative systems have been identified based on ongoing research and interest of the region's progressive producers. Each has potential for adoption leading to diversification and intensification, sustained profitability, and greater adaptive capacity of wheat-based farming systems. Research and outreach related to climate change and wheat systems in the region over decades, including a culminating USDA-NIFA Climate Change and Variability CAP (REACCH: Regional Approaches to Climate Change for Pacific Northwest Agriculture) has informed the framing of this goal and built an infrastructure and collaborative network that will enable success of this project.Specific objectives include work focused on research (R), Extension (E), and education (Ed). R.1. Optimize agronomic practices for winter pea and cover crops and determine the impact of diversified rotations on weeds, insects and soil health.R.2. Quantify the impact of diversified systems on nitrogen and water budgets and GHG emissions at the crop, rotation, farm, and landscape scale.R.3. Determine the effect of diversified systems on farm-level yields (intensification) and profitability.R.4. Identify the impact of on-farm and surrounding land use on weed and insect populations. E.5. Develop a food supply chain vulnerability matrix including all relevant activities and actors for the entire region and identify critical leverage points for adaption and mitigation. E.6. Disseminate the food chain matrix and provide training for other groups interested in applying a systems-based approach to improving resiliency to climate change. E.7. Determine the socio-economic and policy-related barriers to the adaptation and mitigation practices identified and develop tools to overcome these barriers. Ed.8. Provide a seminar series to assist researchers, graduate students, and stakeholders in developing systems-based and resiliency thinking.

Project Methods
Objective R.1. A combination of small, replicated and large plots (>10ha) will be developed at multiple agroecological zones (AECs). Winter pea agronomy will be studied in small plots and replicated strip trials. Establishment, winter survival, vine length, canopy height, disease incidence and severity, and seed yield and size will be measured. Cover crop mixes will be studied in small plots. Plant establishment, density, winter survival, forage yield, protein content, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber will be measured. Weed populations will be assessed. Samples of the foliar insect community associated with each crop will be obtained weekly. Percent parasitism of aphids will be assessed. Hessian fly, wireworms and damage due to pea leaf weevil will be assessed. Key insect and weed species (pests and beneficial) abundances will be compared among the business as usual (BAU) and alternative treatments. Assessment of soil health indicators will be made in the replicated strip trials in each AEC. Chemical, physical and biological indicators of soil health will be analyzed annually. Objective R.2. Six EC towers will be deployed to measure GHG emissions. During years 1 and 2, towers will be placed in the BAU, winter pea rotations and CRP large scale plots. In years 3 and 4, the tower used to measure fluxes in CRP will be moved to the cover crop/grazing. To measure CH4, we will use a closed cell instrument, integrated directly into a EC flux tower. Automated chambers for N2O monitoring will be rotated annually among treatments. Manual chambers will be used to gather supplemental data in each rotation, CRP and native grassland area. Within the same sites, we will quantify seasonal nitrogen and water use using a combination of automated and manual measurements. Scaling up will be accomplished using the model CropSyst and field-scale measurements of water and nitrogen fluxes. Objective R.3. The BAU and alternative cropping systems will be evaluated at the farm level by integrating data collected in Objectives R.1 and R.2 with economic, financial and environmental AgBiz Logic models (http://www.agbizlogic.com/). We will use the model to develop AEC-specific returns for the BAU and alternative rotations. Cost and return data will be used in AgBizProfit and AgBizLease programs, which use net present value and internal rates of return to compare economic outcomes and evaluate current lease agreements. The AgBizProfit and AgBizLease budgets files will be incorporated into whole-farm case studies using the AgBizFinance program. Objective R.4. A set of 30 sampling sites consisting of winter wheat on cooperator farms will be identified, half within the Annual Cropping and half within the Transition Cropping AECs and located near the transition between these two AECs. The landscapes will be classified using data from the USDA-NASS cropland data layer and derived AEC data layer, and a layer delineating perennial natural habitats. To quantify landscape context for sample sites, concentric rings will be drawn around each at distances of 400m, 800m, 1600m, and 3200m using Arcview. The percentage land cover in each land use class will then be calculated for each site at each radius. Landscape diversity around each site will be calculated. In addition, the average proportion of land farmed to legumes from 2007-2015 will be estimated for each radius. Based on preliminary surveys, we will be able to identify sites with proportions of legumes to 3200m ranging from zero to 40%, with the high value representative of pea production across the entire region if legumes are more widely adopted as anticipated. This should allow us to infer possible landscape scale effects on focal insect communities associated with wheat under anticipated land use change. The community of insects associated with the canopy of the wheat crop in each site will be sampled three times annually. Weed species to be sampled include downy brome, Russian thistle, Italian ryegrass, and mayweed chamomile. Species richness, evenness, diversity, functional diversity, and abundance will be tested for responses to landscape context metrics, climate, and their interaction. Traits of adaptive significance will be assessed genetically. Objective E.5. Vulnerability to climate change will be assessed through the development of a vulnerability matrix covering the entire food supply chain for products of the BAU (primarily wheat), and alternative (winter legume and beef) rotations within the IPNW. The methodology of Paloviita et al. (2016), will be utilized with some modification. Rows of the matrix will be populated with vulnerability drivers related to climate change. The selection of climate related drivers will be made based on empirical data in an extensive literature review and expert opinion. Expert opinion will be gathered through workshops with project personnel (Co-PIs and graduate students) and stakeholders from across the supply chain. It is expected that drivers such as "increased spring precipitation", "increased summer drought", and "increased summer temperatures" will be utilized. Activities and actors along the food supply chain will be determined through multiple means such as: 1) Published Life Cycle Assessments for local and regional beef production, 2) interviews with stakeholders, and 3) IMPLAN software. The vulnerability of each system will be assessed by considering the exposure of the activity, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The assessment will be made based on the current BAU system and using the results of the regional land use models. Use of CropSyst with downscaled climate predictions will allow us to apply a temporal analysis to the matrix. The model will allow us to assess sensitivity of each system to the identified climate drivers by the determination of thresholds, where adaptive capacity may be exceeded. Objective E.6. The method used to develop the matrix, the matrix itself and the identification of adaptation and mitigation potential will be disseminated to the larger research community through journal publication and presentations, and to stakeholders including policy makers. We will provide training on vulnerability assessments through a webinar that can be recorded and viewed after the initial recording. Objective E.7. Barriers to the adaptation and mitigation opportunities will be assessed using indepth literature reviews, interviews with individual actors from across the food supply chain and surveys. Results will be analyzed in terms of the number and magnitude of barriers, complexity of solutions and expertise required to address them. The approach to addressing barriers will depend on the specific situation. Barriers that can be addressed by education or demonstration will be incorporated into extension workshops, factsheets and webinars targeted to different audiences within the supply chain. We will collaborate with ongoing efforts at the USDA-ARS LTAR Cook Agronomy farm to develop a site-specific decision support tool, enhanced by the parameterization of CropSyst in Objective R.2, to provide growers with the ability to estimate crop yield for BAU and alternative cropping systems based on soil moisture at planting. A second tool will utilize the AgBizEnvironment module, which will map changes in management decisions to key environmental outcomes using existing tools developed for tracking environmental outcomes associated with agricultural management practices. Objective Ed.8. A seminar course will be developed in year 1 and hosted in years 2-4 to provide students with greater knowledge of systems-based thinking. The seminar will consist of 1) invited presentations from scientists working in the area of systems science (4 per year), 2) readings and discussion including the book "Thinking in Systems" by Donella Meadows, 3) student presentations exploring how their disciplinary research may incorporate elements of systems-based thinking.

Progress 08/01/17 to 07/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate change scientists and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by including companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers and seed. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management. To reach these audiences, project members have produced and disseminated information in different ways including extension bulletins (2), pod casts (3), online tools (1), presentations at conferences (39), field days(11) and grower meetings (12)and journalpublications (12). Changes/Problems:As discussed in previous reports, the matrix exercise was altered due to the feedback from growers which was gathered in two different sessions. Feedback indicated greater concern over issues related to consumer education and activites occurring outside of the farm gate. In general, interaction with growers and between project participants suffered due to COVID restrictions that were in place for multiple years during this project. The seminar series during much of this time were dominated by student defense presentations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has resulted in the training of two post-doctoral researchers and a total of 11 graduate students. Three undergraduate students also received training in laboratory and field methods. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Project results have been disseminated to communities of interest in a number of ways. Farmers have been informed through both informal and more formal local and regional presentations. Numerous presentations have been made at international and national meetings of major scientific societies. Pod-casts with written summaries have been made available for all audiences. Journal publications have been published and many are pending. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project provides a system-based analysis needed by farmers to diversify rotations, decrease fallow and improve resilience. Obj R1 Activities: All field activities were completed on the small-scale winter pea (WP) and forage crop (FC) plot experiments as well as large plot experiments in Genesee, ID (annual cropping zone) and St. John, WA (transition zone where fallow is used once every three years) in 2022. In 2023, microbial biomass C and N, 28-day C mineralization (Cmin) and potentially mineralizable N (PMN) measurements for 2019 and 2020 strip trial samples were completed (only 2018 and 2021 samples were previously analyzed). Discussion: In the 0-10cm depth at St. John in 2021, 28-day PMN (29.0 kg N ha-1), 28-day Cmin (463.0 ?gC g-soil-1), and microbial biomass C (105.8 ?gC g-soil-1) in WW following WP tended to be higher than those values measured in WW following fallow [28-day PMN (19.1 kg N ha-1), Cmin (322.4 ?gC g-soil-1), microbial biomass C (60.7 ?gC g-soil-1)]. R1 Outcomes/Impacts: 1) Agronomic information for successfully growing WP and FCs is now available for two production zones, which has reduced a barrier to adoption. Over 1000 farmers, research and extension faculty and other stakeholders who attended presentations, workshops and trainings are now better informed regarding the advantages of WP. 2) Diversification with WP and FCs in dryland agroecosystems is a viable strategy to conserve soil arthropod biodiversity, which is linked to soil process and function. 3) The soil biological quality index (QBS-ar), which uses soil arthropods as bioindicators of soil health, responds rapidly to agricultural diversification practices and provides a new way to understand soil health. 4) Soil health indicators vary, however, replacement of fallow with WP at St. John resulted in slightly higher PMN, Cmin and microbial biomass C values in the WW. The Haney Soil Health score does not appear to be a useful indictor of diversification over short time spans. Soil health indicators were not responsive to diversification in the annual production zone. R2 Activities and data collection were all completed. R2 Outcomes/Impacts: 1) Trends of greater rotational N uptake and N retention efficiency in FC and WP compared to business-as-usual rotations suggest potential for these crops to reduce N loss and increase N cycling. 2) Greater knowledge of N and water balance is aiding decision making. 3) Differences in the surface energy balance closure among sites in each field suggested that diversified cropping rotations affect crop-atmospheric energy exchanges differently even within the same field. 4) Lessons learned regarding overall water use and N uptake by FC are being used to guide management for a new WSARE project investigating the effect of different termination dates on water and N use by CCs. 5) Fallow may be replaced with WP or FCs with no or minimal yield loss in non-drought years and the timing of rainfall may be a significant factor in determining cash-crop yields in years with low rainfall. 6) Documentation of crop water use in side-by-side trials provides new data to growers struggling to decide when and where to utilize CCs. R3 Activities and data collection were completed as planned in 2022. R3 Outcomes/Impacts: Yield and management data were utilized to develop two modules, AgBizProfit and AgBizFinance, within the AgBiz Logic (https://www.agbizlogic.com/) online decision tool platform. AgBizProfit measures the net present values and internal rates of returns as growers evaluate crops and rotations with alternative field operations and cropping systems. AgBizFinance measures the liquidity and solvency of financial investments, such as new equipment and technologies, using cash flow, balance sheet, income statements, and 20 financial and performance measures. In addition to the two modules, an enhancement for growers to accrual adjust their schedule F Form 1040 information was created to measure a farm's "true profitability" each year. In addition, enterprise budgets were improved with drop-down menus for income and expense items. These advancements led the AgBiz Logic development team to create a "Resource Price Manager" module that stores and updates variable and fixed price data. This feature will allow growers to update budgets each year easily. R3 Impacts: A popular decision tool, AgBiz Logic, was expanded to allow growers to better assess the economic impacts of adopting a new crop and rotation. R4 Activities: Field data collection for this objective was completed in 2021. Manuscripts have been drafted and published. Loci mapping of adaptive traits and modeling in the Downy Brome study was completed. R4 Impacts: 1) Variation in Mayweed chamomile across the entire region has been characterized to inform management of this weed in WP. 2) The impact of CCs on pollinators and other beneficial organisms has been determined from sites across the region. 3) Downy brome data can be utilized to develop more regionally specific control options. 4) Results indicate the presence of small to moderate effect QTL controlling reproductive phenology traits, rather than singular large effect local. The high heritability and moderate effect QTL detected for adaptive traits indicate that B. tectorum has already been adapting and will continue to adapt to a wide range of environments, and is genetically predisposed to avoid or adapt to a changing climate in the iPNW. Obj E5 Activities/Data: All activities were completed in early 2023. The revised matrix activity (see previous reports) included two components, an assessment of farmer and researcher perceptions of climate variability and a profitability tool that includes potential supply chain-wide impacts. E5 Outcomes/Impacts: Grower feedback and attitudes were collected on both the profitability tool and the revised vulnerability matrix exercise. 1) Grower's concerns and interests in climate variability research have been documented and can be used to develop a new and effective research platform in the iPNW. 2) In general, growers expressed greater concern over suppy-chain and external impacts than on-farm management, 3) Growers have new tools to determine profitability of alternative crops/rotations, reducing a significant barrier to adoption. E6 Activities/Data: All activities were completed in late 2022, although one manuscript is still in progress. A newly developed profitability tool has been disseminated through the project website. E6 Outcomes/Impacts: 1) growers now have access to a new profitability tool with step-by-step instructional videos. The tools allow assessment of conditions under which profitability may decline or increase. 2) changes in inputs and estimates of impacts on sales across the supply chain are now possible. E7 Activities: Farmer workshops were completed for the first portion of the matrix development to assess barriers and leverage points. E7 Outcomes/Impacts: We documented the perspectives of farmer stakeholders and researchers in terms of challenges, adaptive capacity, barriers and leverage points. E7 Impacts: 1) Grower input significantly revised our initial plans to develop a production-based vulnerability assessment and made it clear that significant research needs exist that involve issues beyond the farm gate. 2) Grower feedback can now be used to develop a research platform that will increase adoption and co-learning around climate change in the iPNW. E8 Activities: Seminars in 2022 and 2023 were focused on student defenses. E8 Outcomes/Impacts: 1) Project participants are more well informed in terms of the impact on past weather influences on crop outcomes and greenhouse gas fluxes from systems with CCs. 2) Students gained skills around communicating their work to researchers and stakeholders, 3) Disruptions and restrictions due to the COVID Pandemic seriously and negatively impacted the ability to disseminate information through the in-person seminar.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Adhikari S., Oehler, E., Rashed, A., Eigenbrode, S. D., Stokes, B. 2022. Cereal Grass Aphid: A newly invasive pest in North America: Bul. 1028, University of Idaho Extension, Moscow, ID. https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/publications/publication-detail?id=bul1026
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Eigenbrode, S.D., Adhikari, S., 2023. Climate change and managing insect pests and beneficials in agricultural systems. Agronomy Journal https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21399
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Eigenbrode, S.D., Adhikari, S., Kistner-Thomas, E., Neven, L., 2022. Introduction to the collection: Climate change, insect pests, and beneficial arthropods in production systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 115, 1315-1319.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Elmquist, D., Kahl, K. Johnson-Maynard, J. and Eigenbrode, S. D. 2023. Linking agricultural diversification practices, soil arthropod communities and soil health. J. Appl. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14453
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Elmquist, D.C. Eigenbrode, S.D. 2023. Soil Insects and Other Arthropods in Palouse Agroecosystems Bul. 1041, University of Idaho Extension, Moscow, ID. https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/publications/publication-detail?id=bul1041
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Eigenbrode, S.D., Sone, B., Strickland, M. 2022. Effects of Cover Crop Diversity on Soil Arthropod Communities. In S. Crow, K. Schroeder, D. Finkelnburg, S. Philips, & M. Corp (Eds.), 2022 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. University of Idaho Extension.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Kahl, K., Johnson-Maynard, J., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. assessing the effects of rotational diversification on soil health using arthropods as bioindicators. In S. Crow, K. Schroeder, D. Finkelnburg, S. Philips, & M. Corp (Eds.), 2022 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. University of Idaho Extension.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist. D.C. 2022. Field Day Handout. Distributed at 2022 UI/WSU Field Days.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Adhikari, S. and Eigenbrode, S. D. 2022. Effects of cover cropping and landscape diversity on insect pests, predators, and pollinators in cereal-dominated landscapes of inland Pacific Northwest, USA. Joint Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America and the Entomological Society of British Columbia. Nov. 2022
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Adhikari, S., Eigenbrode, S.D. Twelve years of monitoring a newly invasive aphid in the Pacific Northwest: What have we learned? , University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America annual meeting, Seattle WA, April 2023
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Eigenbrode, S. D. 2022. Insects, agriculture, and climate change: a perspective from Inland Pacific Northwest cereal-based cropping systems. Department Seminar, Department of Entomology, Penn State University, April 8.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Adhikari, S., Popova, I, and Eigenbrode, S.D. Interactions between aboveground herbivores and belowground soil arthropod communities impact wheat growth and phytohormone concentrations , Seattle WA, April 2023, (poster, PhD Student first prize)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C. Eigenbrode, S.D. Soil arthropod responses to agricultural diversification practices: implications for managing soil arthropod communities to enhance agroecosystem sustainability. Oral presentation. Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Santa Rosa, CA. 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Kalh, K., Johnson-Maynard, J., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. assessing the effects of rotational diversification on soil health using arthropods as bioindicators. In S. Crow, K. Schroeder, D. Finkelnburg, S. Philips, & M. Corp (Eds.), 2022 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. University of Idaho Extension.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Kahl, K., E. Brooks, J. Johnson-Maynard. Integrating winter pea and forage crops into PNW rotations: Nitrogen and water use. Invited Speaker at the 4th Annual Palouse Alternative Cropping System Symposium. Colfax, WA. Feb. 23, 2023.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Kahl, K., E. Brooks, J. Johnson-Maynard. Nitrogen use in integrated grain-forage (cover crop) rotations: Implications for management. Invited Speaker at the Far West Agribusiness Association Annual Conference. Boise, ID. Dec. 15, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Kahl, K., J.L. Johnson-Maynard, E. Brooks. 2023. Replacing summer fallow with forage crops or winter pea in inland Pacific Northwest dryland crop rotations: Water and nitrogen dynamics. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO. Oct. 29-Nov. 1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Baskota, S. and K.L. Schroeder. 2023. Improving winter pea production in the annually cropped, rainfed region of the inland Pacific Northwest. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2023am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/152279.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Adhikari, S., Seamon, E., Wu, Y., Sadeghi, S.E., Eigenbrode, S.D., 2022. Do invasive and naturalized aphid pest populations respond differently to climatic and landscape factors? J. Econ. Entomol. 115, 1320-1330.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Revolinski, S.R., Maughan, P.J., Coleman, C.E., and Burke, I.C. Preadapted to adapt: underpinnings of adaptive plasticity revealed by the downy brome genome. Commun Biol 6, 326 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04620-9

Progress 08/01/21 to 07/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate change scientists and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by including companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers and seed. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management. Changes/Problems:In addition to previously reported changes, seminars were reduced due to COVID and the graduation and loss of post-doctoral researchers who found permanent positions. The matrix was effectively split into two products, one focused on documenting farmers and researchers perceptions and needs in addressing climate variability and the other focused on economics and supply chain impacts of the adoption of CC and WP. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has resulted in the training of two post-doctoral researchers and a total of 11 graduate students. Three undergraduate students have also recieved training in laboratory and field methods. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Project results have been disseminated to communities of interest in a number of ways. Farmers have been informed through both informal and more formal local and regional presentations. Numerous presentations have been made at international and national meetings of major scientific societies. Pod-casts with written summaries have been made available for all audiences. Journal publications have been published and many are pending. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the final year of this project (second no-cost extension) remaining laboratory analysis will be completed (expected in Feb. 2023). Data analysis will continue. Presentation and publication will be the focus of the last year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project provides a system-based analysis needed by farmers to diversify rotations, decrease fallow and improve resilience.Obj R1 Activities:Remaining samples were analyzed and data summarized from small-scale winter pea and forage crop plot experiments as well as large plot experiments in Genesee, ID (annual cropping zone) and St. John, WA (transition zone where fallow is used once every three years).Data collection for all plots ended in Fall 2021 and data analysis is being completed. R1 DataSmall plots, winter pea:no new data collected.Crop rotation strip trials:soil health samples collected at St. John in Spring 2022. R1 Discussion:Small plots, winter pea:Winter pea (WP) yield is increased by earlier seeding date (late Sept. date), but an adequate yield is achievable with dormant seeding. Rates of 107-130 seeds m-2resulted in higher yields across sites and plating date.Crop rotation strip trials: Winter pea (WP) yield was about 40% higher than chickpea at Genesee. Winter wheat (WW) yield was not impacted by crop rotation at Genesee and was similar following WP and winter forage crop compared to spring chickpea. Averaged across years at St. John, WP yielded 2,200 kg ha-1and spring forage yielded 3,800 kg ha-1(dry weight). The WW yield was reduced following WP (17%) and spring forage (12%) compared tofallow. Alternative crops impacted soil arthropod community structure at both sites. A microcosm study demonstrated that wheat developed greater biomass and altered root architecture when grown withsoil arthropods. In Genesee, Haney Test soil health scores indicated no differences across treatments throughout the project (2018-2021). In St. John, SHS in WW following WP trended higher than WW following fallow in 2020 and 2021, but there was no difference SHS in spring 2022 following the drought year of 2021. In St. John spring 2021, Solvita CO2(201ppm C 24 hr-1), 28-day C mineralization (463ppmC), POXC (710mgC kg-1soil), potentially mineralizable N (25kg ha-1), and microbial biomass C (106mg g-1soil) and N (12.mg g-1soil) values trended higher in WW following WP compared to WW following fallow. In Genesee, preliminary results suggest few crop rotation effects, except for trends of increased concentrations of select PLFA defined microorganism communities in WW following CC and WP in 2020 and 2021. R1 Outcomes:Planting dates and seeding rates for optimum WP yield have been identified. Soil health indicators vary, however, short-term measures of microbial activity reflect the addition of WP at St. John. Alternative crops did impact microarthropod communities at both sites and microcosm data demonstrated connections between arthropods and wheat growth.R2 Activities:Analysis is in progress for the seasonal and rotational N and water use of diversified and Business as Usual (BAU) rotations. Six eddy covariance micrometeorological towers were decommissioned and removed from both sites during the first week of October 2021. CropSyst modeling was initiated for rotations at each site.R2 Data Collected:In St. John, fallow plots lost between 10-15cm water during the growing season each year (2019-2021), whereas WP or CC used an additional 5-10cm in each of the 3 years. Moreover, winter precipitation recharged the soil profiles to similar soil water contents by spring planting dates each year, suggesting water availability may be a minor concern for replacing fallow in this climate area. In the 2021 drought year, SW yields in the St. John field site were low, but similar across treatments (1742 kg/ha), however crop N uptake in the SW field plot following CC (2 years prior) trended higher (14.8 kg/ha) compared to following fallow (10 kg/ha). Similarly in the Genesee strip trial there was greater yield and N uptake in WW following CC (2 years prior), suggesting there may be a 2-year lag in achieving an increase in N-availability from decomposing CC biomass. Soil moisture in all treatments/crops in one replicate block at each site; NDVI sensors installed in three of the replicate blocks following planting in spring 2020. Gravimetric soil moisture and soil inorganic N measured every 30 cm to a depth of 150 cm at each site. Above ground biomass, grain protein and total N in the crop residue was measured in each treatment/crop.R2 Discussion:As expected, fallow plots retained soil moisture to a greater extent than did the other crops. Preliminary analyses suggest that WP has similar water use efficiency values than does spring wheat. Machine learning (ML) algorithms for filling data gaps were tested and explored, and efforts continued to finalize continuous eddy covariance flux data sets. Among the variables measured, soil water content and vapor pressure deficit, and time of day were the most important factors controlling the variation in carbon flux.R2 Outcomes:Greater knowledge of N and water balance is aiding decision making. Results suggest that the success of each rotation is highly dependent on weather. It is possible to use one gap-filling model to fill Net Ecosystem Exchange for the different cropping systems.Differences in the surface energy balance closure among sites in each field suggested that diversified cropping rotations affect crop-atmospheric energy exchanges differently even within the same field.R3 Activities: A brochure describing the purpose and usefulness of the software and its modulesAgBizClimate,AgBizProfit, andAgBizFinance. Enterprise budgets for the 2018-20 crop years were completed in the ABL Library, showing net returns for each rotation at each site. R3 Discussion/Outcomes:Improvements to theAgBiz Logicmodules' user-interface are on-going, incorporating help screens and videos. Significant differences in yield among years at each location is complicating the incorporation of field data into budgets. The ability to build scenarios of future crop rotations and compare net present values of each rotation will researchers to better understand the production drivers that most often impact net returns.R4 Activities:Field data collection for this objective was completed in 2021. Manuscripts have been drafted and published.R4 Data:Weed seed bank data are currently being analyzed.R4 Discussion: Loci mapping of adaptive traits and modeling in the Downy Brome study is still underway.R4 Outcomes:Variation in Mayweed chamomile across the entire region has been characterized to inform management of this weed in WP. The impact of CCs on pollinators and other beneficial organisms has been determined from sites across the region. Downy brome data can be utilized to develop more regionally specific control options.Obj E5 Activities:Grower input was solicited and included in the final design of a spreadsheet-based tool that determines the impact of adoption.E5 Data/Outcomes:The vulnerability matrix exercise was completed and a manuscript is being drafted.E6 Activities:Three pod-casts focused on project data were recorded and published during this reporting period.E6 Discussion/Outcomes:Knowledge has been disseminated and is available to our target audience.E7 Activities:Farmer workshops were completed for the first portion of the matrix development. In this reporting period a tool to assess profitability and supply chain impacts of adoption was tested by farmers and project personnel and information disseminated.E7 Discussion/Outcomes:At this point in the study, we have documented the perspectives of farmer stakeholders in terms of challenges, adaptive capacity, barriers and leverage points.E8 Activities:Seminars in 2021 were restricted due to student completing their degrees and Covid-19 restrictions and impacts. Two seminars on crop modeling and the impact of alternative crops on arthropods were given.E8 Discussion/Outcomes:Project participants are more well-informed in terms of the impact on past weather influences on crop outcomes and greenhouse gas fluxes from systems with CCs.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Eigenbrode, S.D., Adhikari, S., Kistner-Thomas, E., Neven, L., 2022. Introduction to the collection: Climate change, insect pests, and beneficial arthropods in production systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 115, 1315-1319.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Kalin, J. 2022. Effects of diverse cropping systems on arthropod communities and weed seed predation. M.S. Thesis in Entomology, University of Idaho
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Sone, B.M., Strickland, M.S., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. Designing agroecosystems to promote soil arthropods. Invited oral presentation in the program symposium: What lies beneath? The art and science of soil arthropods. National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Adhikari, S.A., Popova, I., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. Arthropod communities derived from agroecosystem soils affect wheat growth, phytohormones, and aphid responses. Oral presentation. Soil Ecology Society meeting
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. Soil arthropod responses to agricultural diversification practices: implications for managing soil arthropod communities to enhance agroecosystem sustainability. Ph.D. Student Oral Presentation Competition. National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Vancouver, BC
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2022. Soil arthropod communities influence root and shoot growth in winter pea and winter wheat. Ph.D. Student Poster Competition. Pacific Branch Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Santa Rosa California.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Kahl, K. and J. Johnson-Maynard. 2022. Assessment of soil health indicators in inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agronomy. Nov. 6-9, Baltimore, Maryland.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J., S. Adhikari, S. Baskota, E. Brooks, I. Burke, S. Eigenbrode, D. Elmquist, Z. Gao, D. Huggins, K. Kahl, R. McGee, D. Nessly, S. Pressley, E. Russell, K. Schroeder, C. Seavert. 2022. Improving climate resilience through diversification of dryland wheat-based agroecosystems in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Brooks, E. Crop Modeling & Cover Cropping on the Palouse. Recorded pod-cast from the WSU Wheat and Small Grains series. Available online at https://www.pnwlit.org/extension-communications
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Kahl, K. 2022. Replacing Summer Fallow with a Forage Crop. Recorded pod-cast from the WSU Wheat and Small Grains series. Available online at https://www.pnwlit.org/extension-communications
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Elmquist, D. 2022. Belowground Arthropod Communities & Soil Health. Recorded pod-cast from the WSU Wheat and Small Grains Series. Available online at https://www.pnwlit.org/extension-communications

Progress 08/01/20 to 07/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate change scientists and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by including companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers and seed. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management.? Changes/Problems:Previously reported changes include a switch from measuring to calculating methane emissions from grazing. The vulnerability matrix will be more limited in scope and focus on agronomics due to feedback from grower stakeholders. An additional, unexpected, product will come from workshops focused on identifying a research foundation for addressing concerns expressed by farmers during the farmer workshops held in 2019 and by researchers in 2020. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?1. Students in AEc 465/565 Agricultural and Food Finanical Management gained experience and exposure working in the climate change and agricultrue space by utilizing AgBizClimate, AgBizProfit and AgBizFinance. 2.PhD student D. Elmquist attended and presented an invited talk "Interspecific interactions among soil-dwelling predators in cereal-based agroecosystems of the Inland Pacific Northwest" at the Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, Nov. 2020 3. Postdoc S. Adhikari organized and presented in a symposium for the Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, Nov. 2020. Students D. Elmquist and J. Kalin also organized the symposium. 4. Postdoc S. Adhikari presented in Pacific Branch of Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, April 2021. 5. Postdoc S. Adhikari and PhD student D. Elmquist presented LIT results during the Genesee area field day, June 2021. 6. PhD student D. Elmquist won first place in the student poster competition at the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, April 2021. 7. PhD student D. Elmquist presented LIT results during the Boundary County Field Day, Bonners Ferry, ID, June 2021 8. PhD student S. Revolinski won third place in a student poster contest in the Western Weeds Society virtual conference for Weeds of Agronomic Crops, 2021. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During 2020, Covid-19 restrictions did restrict our anticipated activities. Considering these restrictions, the project team managed to present project data to a large number of varied audiences (community members to researchers). These presentations were at three national/international conferences (2 virtual), one regional conference, one field day (four presentations), one regional research symposium (3 presentations), and one event hosted through University of Idaho Cooperative Extension (1 presentation). The project-wide field day was hosted at the field site in Genesee, ID a second field day in St. John, WA was canceled due to extreme heat (predicted high of 109 degrees F). Three scientific journal articles were published during year 4 of the project, two of which are in open-access online journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Complete laboratory anaylses for all soil health indicators and analyze/disseminate data. 2. Publish resutls from monitoring-based studies of A. cotula. 3. Continue greenhouse-based study of the effects of below-ground arthropod communities from plots on wheat growth and development with additional community manipulations. Measure shhot nutrient content and changes to microbial biomass. 4. Complete another phase of characterizing chemical cues mediating soil arthropod interactions. 5. Quantify the effect of WP competition on a genotyped downy brome diversity panel. 6. Quanitfy cropping system effects on the weed species composition as expressed by biomass at the end of the season. 7. Publish results from the cover crop study including effects of cover crops on weeds, insect pests, and beneficial organisms. 8. Publish on the Loci mapping in WP varieties. 9. Complete analysis of nitrogen and water use effeciency of each rotation at each site. 10. Pulish on the methods of gap filling for flux-tower based measurements. 11.Conduct an online evaluation with a select group of growers to measure behavioral changes to cropping systems when provided with different climate scenarios. This information will be used create adoption scenarios of crops in the inland PNW. 12.Conduct an online survey with input suppliers, service providers, and first handlers from results of the LIT Economic Model. Results will show how the suppliers and providers will change business practices based on grower responses to climate change. 13. Provide webinars/pod-casts that inform growers and stakeholders to disseminate information on WP and CC agronomy and management, barriers to adoption and pathways to success. 14. Finalize matrix and disseminate widely.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project will provide a system-based analysis needed by farmers to diversify rotations, decrease fallow and improve resilience in the face of increasing climatic variability. Obj R1 Activities: Replicated small winter pea and forage crop plot experiments were harvested and completed. Large plot experiments in Genesee, ID (annual cropping zone) and St. John, WA (transition zone where fallow is used once every three years) were continued. R1 DataSmall plots, winter pea:plant growth, yield and quality. Small plots, cover crop:establishment, above ground biomass, forage quality. Crop rotation strip trials:soil moisture, plant height, emergence, yield and quality, soil health indicators, insect pests and beneficial organisms. GWAS (genome-wide analysis study): field/lab work completed in 2020, manuscript being prepared.R1 Discussion:Small plots, winter pea: Winter pea (WP) yield in 2020 was greatest when seeded earlier (late Sept.) in Genesee and during mid-Oct. in St. John. Higher seeding resulted in higher pea yields across sites and plating date (except for late Oct. at St. Johns). Addition fertilizerdid not influence pea yield or quality. Crop rotation strip trials:Similar to 2019, winter wheat (WW) yields were not significantly impacted by rotation at Genesee. WW yield was not impacted by rotationat St. John in 2020, in contrast to 2019 data. This is likely due to relatively high rainfall andin June and yields at both sites in 2020.Haney Test soil health scores ranged from 16.2 to 17.5 in 2020at Genesee. Values were similar to those at St. John (16.4 to 18.0). Soil health test scores were slightly higher for the WP rotation at St. John, suggesting positive impacts of replacing fallow. Soil organic matter and Solvita CO2 at Genesee were greatest in theBAU rotation, andin the WP rotation in St. John. Predatory soil arthropod communities differed at Genesee, largely driven by high predator abundances in CC and WP. R1 Outcomes:Dates for optimum forage quality WP yield have been identified. Soil health indicators vary, however, short-term measures of microbial activity appear to reflect addition of WP at St. John. Alternative crops impacted microarthropod communities at both sites. R2 Activities:Quantification of seasonal and rotational N and water use of diversified and BAUrotations through both automated and manual sampling and monitoring of six eddy covariance (EC) micrometeorological towers. Automated measurement of N2Owas completed. CropSyst modeling was initiated for rotations at each site. R2 Data Collected: Soil moisture in all treatments/crops in one replicate block at each site; NDVI,gravimetric soil moisture and soil inorganic N measured to a depth of 150 cm at each site. Above ground biomass, grain protein and total N in crop residue. Data collection from the sixtowers include CO2 flux, sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), soil heat flux, soil temperature and soil water potential.R2 Discussion:Average water loss in CC was 10 cm greater than in fallow during the 2019 growing season, andwinter precipitation rechargedsoil profiles to similar soil water contents by spring 2020. Preliminary analyses suggest that WP has similar water use efficiency values than does spring wheat. Due to power issues andinstrumentation failure EC tower data was lost. Machine learningalgorithms for filling data gaps were tested and explored. Amongvariables measured, soil water content and vapor pressure deficit, and time of day were the most important factors controlling the variation in carbon flux. R2 Outcomes: Nitrogen and water balance data will help growers make informed management decisions. Impacts of rotationon WW yields will depend on weather. Ranking of variable importance suggests thatit is possible to use one gap-filling model to fill Net Ecosystem Exchange gaps.Differences insurface energy balance closure among sites in each field suggested that diversified cropping rotations affect crop-atmospheric energy exchanges differently even within the same field. R3 Activities: Development of the AgBiz Logic program (http://www.agbizlogic.com) was continued. A video describingAgBizClimate module was developed. Enterprise budgets for the 2018-19 and 2019-20 crop years were completed. A website was created for researchersto analyzedata by building plans in AgBiz Logic with future crop rotations and comparing net present value of each option. R3 Discussion/Outcomes: Significant differences in yield among years at each location is complicating the incorporation of field data into budgets.The ability to build scenarios of future crop rotations and compare net present values ofrotations will increaseunderstanding of the production drivers that drivenet returns. R4 Activities: Seed from the mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula) common garden experiment was used for further experimentation this year.Populations of Bromus Tectorumwere sampled. R4 Data: Downy brome diversity panel assembled and prepared for genotyping. Composite weed seedbank samples collected from strip trial sites. Genotyping by sequence data from 19 A. cotula populations. Insect community abundance and diversity from CC fields and BAU WW fields were assessed. R4 Discussion:Phenotypic trait analysis showed that growth and development of the downy brome populations sampled vary. Accessions from the research area appear to enter reproductive mode earlier than do those from other regions. Loci mapping of adaptive traits and modeling is still underway. R4 Outcomes:Variation in Mayweed chamomile populations across the entire region has been characterized to better inform management of this weed. The impact of cover crops on pollinators and other beneficial organisms has been determined from sites across the region. Downy brome data can be utilized to develop more regionally specific control options. Obj E5 Activities: Two workshops were held with researchers to complement the grower workshops and a draft matrix created. E5 Data/Outcomes:The vulnerability matrix exercise indicated lack of adaptive capacity when farmers are faced with climate variability. Researchers and growers identified several leverage points focused at producer-level, Community food system,and International and national market behavior.Two to three transformative pathways were developed for each leverage point. Limited capacity to engage and move forward on each pathway was identified. E6 Activities:A preliminary list of topics for webinar/pod cast development was drafted. These topics will address identified barriers to the adoption of cover crop/winter pea.The products will primarily be developed late in the no-cost-extension year (year 5), when adequate data is available. E6 Discussion/Outcomes:Given the dependence of this objective on E.5, work and data collection will not be developed until late fall/early winter of year 5. E7 Activities:In addition to farmer and researcher workshops, atoolfocused on adoption of WP and CChas been developed to further assess supply chain impacts. Use of this tool with farmers was delayed due to covid-19 restrictions, but is scheduled for late fall/early winter following harvest. E7 Discussion/Outcomes: At this point in the study, we have documented the perspectives of farmer stakeholders in terms of challenges, adaptive capacity, barriers and leverage points.Further information on how they may change agronomic practices is expected during the upcoming meetings. E8 Activities:Seminars in 2020 were restricted to two due to Covid-19 restrictions and impacts. E8 Discussion/Outcomes:Project participants are more well-informed in terms of the impact on past weather influences on crop outcomes and greenhouse gas fluxes from systems with CCs. As studentsbegin to complete their degrees, defense seminars will be held both in-person and through online communication software.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Adhikari, S., Burke, I.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2020. High trait variation within and among transcontinental populations of a global invader: Anthemis cotula L. (Mayweed chamomile). Weed Science Society of America, Maui, HI (abstract available online at https://wssa.net/meeting/meeting-abstracts/).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Adhikari, S., I. C. Burke, and S. D. Eigenbrode. 2020. Impacts of climate-change-resilient cropping systems on beneficial insects in the Pacific Northwest, USA, the Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, Nov. 2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adhikari, S., IC Burke, I.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2021. Floral scents and flower visitors of a global invader: Anthemis cotula L. Annual Research symposium: Center for Health in the Human Ecosystem, Moscow, ID.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Eigenbrode, S. D. 2020. Climate change and insect pests: a perspective from the Pacific Northwest. Department of Entomology, University of California, Feb. 24.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Elmquist, D., S.D. Eigenbrode. 2020. Dynamics of soil arthropod communities in Palouse agroecosystems. Dry Land Field Day Abstract, May 2020 (abstract available online at: https://www.uidaho.edu/-/media/UIdaho-Responsive/Files/Extension/topic/field-days/2020-dryland-field-day-abstracts.pdf?la=en&hash=F017CCAAEF0BA5AEDCC27CBF0FCF03A88670E565)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adhikari, S., I. C. Burke, and S. D. Eigenbrode. 2020. Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.) biology and management  a review of an emerging global invader. Weed Research DOI: 10.1111/wre.12426.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Adhikari, S. 2020. Enhancing pollinators in agricultural landscapes. Pollinator Summit, U of Idaho Extension Latah County. Feb. 26-27, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2020. Interspecific interactions among soil-dwelling predators in cereal-based agroecosystems of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, Nov. 2020.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Elmquist, D.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2021. Soil arthropod communities influence root and shoot growth in winter pea and winter wheat. Annual Research Symposium, Center for Health and the Human Ecosystem, University of Idaho, April 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kohntopp, J.A., D.C. Elmquist, S.D. Eigenbrode. 2020. Belowground predator-predator interactions in the soil ecosystem. Entomological Society of America Meeting, Virtual, Nov. 2020
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Seavert, C. 2020. AgBizLogic-Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture. Available online: https://youtu.be/jU0DQmLBUuA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 1. Adhikari, S., Burke, I., and Eigenbrode, S. 2021. On top of soil health: cover crops support bee pollinators and suppress weeds. In: 2021 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 13-14). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2021-1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J., Adhikari, S., Baskota, S., Brooks, E., Burke, I., Eigenbrode, S., Elmquist, D., Gao, Z., Huggins, D., Kahl, D., McGee, R., Nessly, D., Pressley, S., Russell, E., Schroeder, K., and Seavert, C. 2021. Diversification of inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems. In: 2021 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 43). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2021-1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J., Adhikari, S., Baskota, S., Brooks, E., Burke, I., Eigenbrode, S., Elmquist, D., Gao, Z., Huggins, D., Kahl, D., McGee, R., Nessly, D., Pressley, S., Russell, E., Schroeder, K., and Seavert, C. 2021. Inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems: landscapes in transition. In: 2021 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 49). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2021-1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adhikari, S, S. R. Revolinski, S. D. Eigenbrode, I. C. Burke. 2021. Genetic diversity and population structure of a global invader Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.): management implications, accepted AOB Plants.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adhikari, S., I. C. Burke, J. Piaskowski, and S. D. Eigenbrode. 2021. Phenotypic Trait variation in populations of a global invader Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula): Implications for weed management. Frontiers in Agronomy 3. 10.3389/fagro.2021.662375
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Baskota, S., and Schroeder, K. 2021. Winter pea response to seeding rates and phosphorus and sulfur application in the rainfed region of the Pacific Northwest. In: 2021 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 70-71). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2021-1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L., D. Nessly, K. Kahl, E. Brooks, S. Baskota, K. Schroeder, D. Elmquist, S. Eigenbrode, E. Russell, Z. Gao and S. Pressley. 2020. Diversification of wheat-based dryland cropping systems. Annual meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Nov. 9-13, 2020. Virtual.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adhikari, S., I. C. Burke, S. R. Revolinski, J. Piaskowski, and S. D. Eigenbrode. 2021. Within-population trait variation in a globally invasive plant species, Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula): Implications for future invasion and management. Frontiers in Agronomy, https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.640208.

Progress 08/01/19 to 07/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate chnage scientists, and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by includig companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers and seed. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management. Changes/Problems:Previously reported changes include a switch from measuring to calculating methane emissions from grazing. The cover crop (small plot) will be extended an additional year due to the 2019 crop failure. The vulnerability matrix will be more limited in scope and focus on agronomics due to feedback from grower stakeholders. An additional, unexpected, product will come from a workshops focused on identifying a research foundation for addressing concerns expressed by farmers during the farmer workshops held in 2019. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Four graduate students and two post-doctoral scholars gained experience with presenting data to stakeholders and research audiences. These students also gained valuble experience with the collection and analysis of data. All students participated in bi-weekly project leadership meetings, gaining experience with project management and collaboration. Four project-participants presented at grower workshops where project information was utilized to increase knowledge around sustainable management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been diseminated through traditional means including presentations at professional meetings and conferences. In addition, project details and preliminary results have been presesnted to grower groups at annual meetings and at field days. Presentations were given at two different grower workshops. Finally, project data was reported at the 3rd annual project meeting with our stakeholder advisory gruop. This one-day meeting included stakeholders from across teh supply chain and presentations from each of the project scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?R1. Data analysis for the GWAS study will be completed and a manuscript submitted. As planned, small plot trials for winter pea agronomy will not be continued. The data from all three years will be analyzed collectively and reported on. Monitoring and sampling of crop rotation strip trial study will continue as will the cover crop small plot study. Sampling of soil biological, chemical and physical indicators of soil health will be continued in year 4. All arthropod sampling will be completed by October 2020. Sample identification and data analysis will be completed, and publications drafted. Soil arthropod data will be related to soil health and process. Monitoring of insect pests and beneficials within cover crops on cooperator farms throughout the region will be completed. A greenhouse-based study of the effects of below-ground arthropod communities on wheat growth and development will be continued with additional community manipulations. An experiment characterizing chemical cues mediating soil arthropod interactions will be conducted. The effect of pea competition on a genotyped downy brome diversity panel will be determined and the impact of cropping system on the weed species composition as expressed by biomass at the end of the season and the weed seedbank will be studied. R2. Complete a water and nitrogen balance at each of the crops and determine if there are any observable rotational impacts on nitrogen and water uptake with the cover crop and winter pea alternative rotations, conduct further bulk density sampling to determine more accurate water use and nitrogen uptake. Capture of UAS imagery of the strip trials to determine total crop biomass and above ground nitrogen uptake from each of the strips. Testing and developing the crop model component of the project and measuring soil water retention characteristics to assist in parameterization of the model. Continue to monitor eddy covariance flux data at six sites (3 zones at two field sites each). Conduct routine calibration of the CO2/H2O gas analyzers located at each site when removing them for harvesting and planting. Conduct routine calibration of the CO2/H2O gas analyzers located at each site when removing them for harvesting and planting. Draft a manuscript on the effects of diversified cropping rotations on carbon and water balance in the inland Pacific Northwest USA using the flux data collected from 2018 to 2020. Draft a manuscript on the surface energy balance closure over complex agricultural field by comparing the growing and non-growing seasonal data and studying the spectra and cospectra of turbulent data. R3.Version 1.0 of the AgBiz Logic program and its three modules will be released for extensive use in the agricultural industry. The Sensitivity Analysis will be available to researchers and agricultural producers for a snapshot of the first impacts to net returns with changes to their current cropping systems. Research data will be collected and analyzed in the Sensitivity Analysis tool and AgBiz Logic modules. R4.Quantify the effect of pea competition on a genotyped downy brome diversity panel. Publish results from all monitoring-based studies and A. cotula experimental studies. E5.Identify weather variables that impact linkages between input providers and first handlers. Weather conditions determined by a review of crop insurance claims will be used during a workshop with individuals from various portions of the supply chain. Feedback regarding the impact of these conditions and associated changes in cropping systems will be collected. The results of these interviews and discussions will identify climate change drivers of farm-level, input and value-added sectors and their adaptive capacity to change to be resilient agribusinesses in the future. E6. Dissemination will occur as the matrix is developed. E7. Barriers identified and products developed to increase adoption. Ed 8.The seminar series will be restricted to some degree due to the impact of COVID-19 on teaching and gatherings. We plan for fewer presentations from researchers familiar with the application of systems and resilience thinking.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? le). R1 Outcomes:Dates for optimum forage quality have been identified. Soil health indicators vary, however, short-term measures of microbial activity appear reflect addition of WP. Alternative crops did impact microarthropod communities at the St. John site. Preliminary results indicate that breeding for lateness in peas can significantly increase biomass yield, but may decrease forage quality. The major gene for forage quality and biomass yield was Le. R2 Activities: Continuation of quantification of seasonal and rotational N and water use of diversified and Business as Usual (BAU) rotations through both automated and manual sampling and monitoring of six eddy covariance micrometeorological towers installed in large fields near the crop rotation plot studies at both sites. Automated measurement of N2O continued at the experiment established at the Palouse Conservation Field Station (PCFS). R2 Data Collected: Soil moisture in all treatments/crops in one replicate block at each site; NDVI sensors installed in three of the replicate blocks following planting in spring 2020. Gravimetric soil moisture and soil inorganic N measured every 30 cm to a depth of 150 cm at each site. Above ground biomass, grain protein and total N in the crop residue was measured in each treatment/crop. Data collection from the six flux towers include CO2 flux, sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), soil heat flux, soil temperature and soil water potential. At the PFCS CC study, CO2, H2O, δ15N, δ17O, δ18O and N2O were monitored. R2 Discussion:As expected, fallow plots retained soil moisture to a greater extent than did the other crops. Spring planted CC at the St. John site resulted in more available water in the seeding zone following harvest in comparison to the other crops.This result, however, is dependent on termination date. Soil moisture loss over the growing season at the Genesee site was similar among crops in the first 2 feet of soil. At deeper depths, CC, WP and chickpea extracted less moisture than did either spring or WW. Preliminary analyses suggest that WP has similar water use efficiency values than does spring wheat. For St. John towers, the difference in 2018 annual net ecosystem production (NEP) is within 20% with the same crop of spring wheat. However, the 2019 annual NEP for CC is about 50% larger than WP, while the fallow is a carbon source. In 2019, the difference in annual NEP across zones was 6% with the same crop, while CC with grazing was a C source. The difference in annual NEP of CC between St. John and Genesee is because the Genesee CC was fully grazed twice, but the St. John CC was continually grazed with a small number of cows. The mix of CC planted at each site was also different. R2 Outcomes:Replacement of spring chickpeas with winter peas resulted in great biomass growth, greater yields, and increased post-harvest soil N.Winter wheat following summer fallow in 2019 was greater than winter wheat following winter peas and winter-wheat following cover crops as well as greater N suggesting that there will likely need to be greater benefits in the drier zones to justify replacement of fallow.Grazing is a viable option to recover costs as cattle grazing the cover crop had excellent weight gain of 2.5 lbs/day. Diel and seasonal variations suggested that different management and diversified cropping rotations affect crop-atmospheric carbon and energy exchanges even within the same field. R3 Activities: Development of the R4 Discussion:Phenotypic trait estimates made across 15 iPNW Anthemis cotula populations. Flowering and plant life span differed by sites, with different geographic clusters. R4 Outcomes:Variation in Mayweed chamomile populations across the entire region has been characterized to better inform management of this weed in alternative cropping systems. The impact of cover crops on pollinators and other beneficial organisms has been determined from sites across the region. Obj E5 Activities: A matrix for the agronomic portion of the supply chain was developed. Data on crop insurance claims was reviewed to determine weather-related loss and stresses.Conditions during years with significant loss are being used to drive scenarios. Exercises designed to determine how farmers may alter cropping practices due to climatic stress and variability have been drafted and reviewed. A workshop was held to gain feedback into vulnerabilities as perceived by growers.E5 Data/Outcomes:The vulnerability matrix exercise indicated lack of adaptive capacity when farmers are faced with climate variability. Farmers expressed concerns that extended well beyond agronomics with themes including aspects of policy and consumer education. E6 Activities:A preliminary list of topics for webinar/pod cast development has been drafted. These topics will address identified barriers to the adoption of cover crop/winter pea. The products will primarily be developed late in year 4, when adequate data is available and stakeholder input has been gathered. E6 Discussion/Outcomes:Given the dependence of this objective on E.5, work and data collection will not be developed until winter of next year. E7 Activities:A farmer workshop was held.Farmers shared their perceived knowledge gaps. E7 Discussion/Outcomes: At this point in the study, we have documented the perspectives of farmer stakeholders in terms of challenges, adaptive capacity, barriers and leverage points. E8 Activities: Based on results from last year, the seminar series became stand alone.All funded graduate students participated.System-based thinking skills were highlighted and students tasked with presenting on their research in ways that were understandable by the general public and envisioning ways to better apply systems-based approaches to their research. E8 Discussion/Outcomes: Students and project faculty regularly attended the seminar series. Student feedback was positive. ?

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Brooks, E.S., K. Kahl, Z. Smith, V. Seth, D. Nessly,S. Baskota, K. Schroeder, J. Johnson-Maynard. 2019. Diversification and Intensification Strategies in Dryland Cropping Systems. Abstract 624548 eLightning poster presented at the 2019 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, CA, 9-13 Dec.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Brooks, E.S. 2019. Evaluating and Managing Field Scale Variability in Crop Performance. Oral Presentation at the Far West Agribusiness Association Workshop. Aug. 5, Pocatello, ID.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Baskota, S., and Schroeder, K. 2020. Timing of cover crop termination. In: 2020 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 71-72). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2020-1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: " Baskota, S., White, D., and Schroeder, K.L. 2020. Evaluating the performance of winter pea cultivars at different seeding dates, seeding rates and fertilizer application in dryland systems of the Pacific Northwest. Poster presented at the Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick, WA. January 7-8.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Schroeder, K.L. Autumn sown pulses in northern Idaho. Presentation at the Western Pulse Growers Association meeting, Moscow, ID, December 4, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Baskota, S., White, D., and Schroeder, K.L. 2019. Evaluating the performance of winter pea cultivars at different seeding dates, seeding rates and fertilizer application in dryland systems of the Pacific Northwest. Poster presented at ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual meeting, Nov. 10-13, San Antonio, TX.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L., K. Kahl and D. Nessly. 2019. Landscapes in Transition: Building Soil Health on the Palouse through Alternative Crop rotations and Grazing. Annual Meetings of the Soil Science Society of America 2019, San Antonio, TX Nov. 10-13.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Rieser, C. D. Huggins, J.L. Johnson-Maynard, J.P. Reganold, and J.C. Hansen. 2019. Crop response in dryland spring wheat planted after canola and associations with soil microbial community structure. Annual Meetings of the Soil Science Society of America 2019, San Antonio, TX Nov. 10-13.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wibbles, L., K. Kahl, J.L. Johnson-Maynard. 2019. Long-term impacts of conservation tillage and no-till practices on soil health indicators. Annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America 2019. Annual Meetings of the Soil Science Society of America 2019, San Antonio, TX Nov. 10-13.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Adhikari, S., Burke, I.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2020. High trait variation within and among transcontinental populations of a global invader: Anthemis cotula L. (Mayweed chamomile). Weed Science Society of America, Maui, HI
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Adhikari, S., IC Burke, I.C., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2019. Floral scents and flower visitors of a global invader: Anthemis cotula L. Annual Research symposium: Center for Health in the Human Ecosystem, Moscow, ID
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Eigenbrode, S. D. 2020. Climate change and insect pests: a perspective from the Pacific Northwest. Department of Entomology, University of California, Feb. 24
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Eigenbrode, S.D., S. Adhikari, D. Elmquist, J. Kalin, 2019. Bugs-eye views of the Landscapes in Transition project. Hunga Dunga Tavern, Moscow ID, Nov. 12
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Eigenbrode, S.D., Whaley, D. 2019. Identifying and managing insect pests on the farm. Wheat Academy, Washington State University, Dec. 10
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J., S.D. Eigenbrode, D. Elmquist. 2019. Macrofauna & soil health: getting to know our below-ground partners in PNW wheat systems, Washington State University, Dec. 10
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kalin, J., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2019. Seed removal in Pacific Northwest cereal production systems. Center for Health in the Human Ecosystem research symposium. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kalin, J., Eigenbrode, S.D. 2019. Arthropod community composition and potential drivers in current and projected agricultural systems in the Inland Pacific Northwest. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, St. Louis, Nov. 12
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kohntopp, J.A., D.C. Elmquist, S.D. Eigenbrode. 2020. Belowground predator-predator interactions in the soil ecosystem. Undergraduate Research Symposium, University of Idaho, 27 April

Progress 08/01/18 to 07/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate change scientists, and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by including companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers, and seed. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management. Changes/Problems:Only minor changes have been made to the orginal plan of work. Based on data from year one and feedback from growers and project scientists, seeding depth was removed as a component of the winter pea agronomy study. It was determined that deeper seeding is not advantageous unless the peas are being established in the traditional winter wheat-summer fallow region. In our studies, the winter pea crop is following spring wheat or spring barley at both Genesee and St. John, so there is no deep moisture available for plant establishment. A shallower seeding depth (2 inches) is sufficient for establishment of winter pea in annually cropped regions and will promote more rapid emergence while being deep enough to protect the growing point of the plants during the winter. The landscape scale portion of the study has been somewhat scaled back due to limitations presented as part of the funding awarded relative to the request. We are still monitoring weeds and insects and pollinators in bothfields planted to cover crop and adjacent fields with no histroy of cover cropacross the region. Our ability to determine overall impacts on native systems, however, will be limited. Past data on native prairie systems can be compared to that collected from cover crop and non cover crop fields to determine similarities and differrences. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?-Project Co-PI, Dr. Brooks attended and presented findings at 2018 American Geophysical Union meetings in Washington DC, the 29th Annual Idaho Water Quality Conference in Boise Idaho, and the Idaho Nutrient Management Conference in Twin Falls, Idaho. -Project post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Zhongming Gao attended the American Geophyical Union 2018 annual meeting and presented a poster, entitled, "Impacts of water flow in soil layers on the surface energy balance closure". -All graduate students participated in developing presentations for the stakeholder advisory board meeting and interacted with stakeholders during the one-day meeting. -Two graduate students attended regional/national conferences. -All students invited to and generally attend bi-weekly project meetings, gaining critical hands-on training in running collaborative projects. -Faculty, staff, post-doctoral resarchers and graduate students utilizing and learning new data collaboration, sharing and management tools. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have primarily been disseminated through traditional means including presentations at professional meetings and conferences. In addition, project details and preliminary results have been presented to growers groups at annual meetings and at field days. Information on the project was also distruibed at an annual workshop hosted by a local soil and water conservation district. Finally, project data was reproted at the 2nd annual project meeting with our stakeholder advisory group. This one-day meeting included stakeholders from across the suppy chain and presentations from each of the project scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Another year of data, collected using the same methods as in 2018, is required for association mapping. Once data is collected, we will analyze the data for SNPs and identify those that are significant in both site years. These SNPs will be mapped to the pea genome. This should provide an important resource for forage pea breeding programs worldwide. Monitoring and sampling of the crop rotation strip trial study will continue. In addition to continuing the arthropod monitoring, we will delineate how arthropod-arthropod and plant-arthropod interactions are mediated chemically using controlled lab, greenhouse, and mesocosm experiments, and determine the biophysical drivers of foliar and epigeic arthropod communities. A water and nitrogen balance will be completed for each of the crops todetermine if there are any observable rotational impacts on nitrogen and water uptake within the cover crop and winter pea alternative rotations. Drone imagery from the strip trials will be collected to determine total crop biomass and above ground nitrogen uptake. The crop model component of the project will be developed and soil water retention characteristics measured to assist in parameterization of the model. We will continue to monitor eddy covariance flux data at six sites to assess the impact of the business as usual and alternative crops on greenhouse gasses. To reduce data gaps found in 2018, additional solar panels or an upgraded solar controller will be added to each site. Routine calibration of the CO2/H2O gas analyzers located at each site will be done when removing them for harvesting and planting. The method for monitoring methane (CH4) emissions during aspirational field management techniques will rely on models with site specific input parameters. The CH4 component of this project is still being developed, but preliminary ideas for model input parameters include pre/post weight gain of cattle being grazed, number of cattle grazed and time of grazing, dry weight biomass of cover crop (feed), and energy or nutrient data of cover crops. The original plan involved collecting CH4 eddy covariance flux measurements from fields planted with cover crops and subsequently grazed using cattle. However, due to a) the need to partition/fence smaller areas within the eddy covariance footprint for grazing and b) a relatively small herd size compared to the field size, emissions of CH4 would violate the key homogeneity assumptions of the eddy covariance measurement technique. Isolating the cattle in smaller areas within the footprint, along with small numbers of cattle, would create "hot spots" of CH4 emissions that are not uniform across the entire footprint. A small team from the 2019-2020 Capstone students in the OSU College of Engineering will be tasked with creating a database manager to query AgBizLogicuser accounts to answer questions about who is using AgBizLogic and the modules, types of budget created and used, etc. The AgBizLogic program and the three newly developed modules are scheduled to be released to the public as a version 1.0 in early 2020. The mayweed chamomile common garden experiment will be completed. Cover crops at grower cooperator farms wiill continue to be sampled to assess pests and beneficial insects. Bee pollinators from cover crop and other fields will also be measured. Herbicide screening for Mayweed populations sampled will be conducted. Weather variables that impact linkages between input providers and first handlers will be finalized and reviewed by stakeholders. Weather variables in the AgBizClimate module will be used to provide the basis to interview input suppliers, support services, and first handlers to determine which of these variables greatly impact their business and the services they provide to growers. Growers will be interviewed to determine which variables impact their production systems. The results of these interviews and discussions will identify climate change drivers of farm-level, input and value-added sectors and their adaptive capacity to change to be resilient agribusinesses in the future.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project will provide comprehensive, system-wide data needed by farmers to diversify rotations, decrease fallow and improve resilience in the face of increasing climatic variability. Obj. R.1. Activities: replicated plot experiments in Genesee, ID (annual cropping zone) and St. John, WA (fallow used once every three years) sampled to test winter pea (WP) and cover crop (CC) agronomic practices (small plots), and impacts of alternative rotations (crop rotation strip trials) continued; WP varieties (USDA pea core collection) studied. Data collected:Small plots (WP)Fall establishment, soil moisture, biomass, yield and quality. Small plots (CC)- spring establishment, above ground biomass, forage quality. Crop rotation strip trials: soil moisture, plant height, biomass, yield and quality, soil health indicators, insect pests and beneficial organisms. WP variety trials- canopy height, plant height, lodging resistance, days to 50% flowering, branch number, leaf area, and plant biomass, forage quality. Summary and discussion:Small plots (WP)- Early planting resulted in optimal yield. Tested practices did not influence winter survival or crop performance, and 10 seeds/sq ft produced the optimal seed yield. Small plots (CC)- Emergence of small-seed broadleafs was near zero due to lack of moisture. Crop rotation strip trials- Samples from the 2018-19 season are stillbeing collected and analyzed; 2017-18 (baseline) data was analyzed. WP yield was 3151 kg/ha in Genesee and 2282 kg/ha in St. John. St. John winter wheat yields were greatest following fallow. Crude protein values in CC species was <10%. Neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber data indicate good forage quality. Haney Test soil health scores ranged from 14.2 to 16.1 at Genesee and 11.4 to 13.5 at St. John. Soil organic matter was greater at Genesee (5.3 to 5.5%) than at St. John (4.2 to 4.4%). Abundances of functional groups of epigaeic insects different between CC and monocultures (herbivores less abundant in CC). WP variety trial- Relative forage quality was weakly associated with flowering time. Forage quality was strongly, negatively associated with plant height and moderately, negatively associated with biomass. WP generally had forage quality similar to that of alfalfa hay. Three significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that explain between 12 and 16% of the variation in relative forage quality, five were identified that explain 11.2 to 15% of the variation in crude protein, and 88 were identified for various traits with p-values less than 0.00001. Outcomes: Winter hardiness and germination under low soil moisture are of primary importance to WP and CC success and adoption rates. Winter wheat growth/yield may be reduced in the alternative rotations. Obj. R2. Activities: Quantification of seasonal and rotational N and water use for rotations in the crop rotation strip trial plots; six eddy covariance micrometeorological towers operating; CC mix study with 16 automated LiCor 8100 chambers established; a 15N Fertilizer Pulse Experiment using 15N-labeled potassium nitrate was initiated. Data collected: Soil moisture, NDVI, inorganic nitrogen to 150 cm, above ground biomass, grain protein and total N in crop residue measured in each treatment/crop; flux towers monitoring CO2 flux, sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, photosynthetic active radiation, soil heat flux, soil temperature, water and water potential. CO2, H2O, δ15N, δ17O, δ18O and N2O monitored in the CC study. Summary and discussion: Fallow plots retained soil moisture to a greater extent than did the other crops. Spring planted cover crops at St. John resulted in more available water following harvest in comparison to the other crops. Soil moisture loss over the growing season at the Genesee site was similar among crops in the first two feet of soil. Diurnal variations of the energy fluxes illustrate different patterns for growing and non-growing seasons, especially for the latent heat flux. Daily nitrous oxide flux values ranged from near 0 to ~75 gN2O-N ha-1 d-1. Outcomes: Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes, which have not been widely available in the past, will be available for systems-based evaluation of cropping system resiliency. Greater knowledge of the impact of cropping systems on carbon storage will improve our ability to manage for soil health. Obj. R3. Activities: Development of the AgBizLogic program (http://www.agbizlogic.com) continued. The user interface was developed and code written for several new features while several bugs were fixed. A script was developed to upload Economic Research Service budgets for all regions in the U.S. to the AgBizLogic library of enterprise budgets, which will expand the types of crops grown across the country. A beta release of the AgBizClimate module was made available to the general public. This module includes seasonal forecast projections for 4,000+ counties in the lower 48 states downloaded from the NW Climate Toolbox. The user interface of the AgBizFinance module under development. Summary and discussion: Work on this objective has largely focused on the program and code development.Outcomes: Currently (before official release), there are 312 user accounts in the AgBiz Logic database: most are growers and processors (64%), a number are university faculty and students (24%), followed by people with government agencies and NGO's. Obj. R.4. Activities: Populations of mayweed chamomile, a threat to alternative rotations in the region, were sampled for insects and seed was collected to establish a common garden. Fields planted to CC across the region were sampled for insects and biomass. Data collected: A Mayweed chamomile common garden was grown in a greenhouse and phenology, genetic structure of these populations were measured and compared for key traits with those of representative populations from elsewhere in the world. Natural pollinators and these communities were quantified and compared. Summary and discussion: Twenty-eight taxa of pollinators were found to visit Mayweed. Pollinating communities are similar among Mayweed populations in situ and in the common garden.Outcomes: A review of Mayweed chamomile biology was prepared and submitted for publication. Obj. E.5. Activities: Initial characterization of the wheat supply chain completed. Weather drivers included in the AgBizLogic tools, have been reviewed for use in the vulnerability matrix.Summary and discussion: The IPNW wheat supply chain includes modest backward linkages: many inputs are produced outside the region and purchased at retail/wholesale prices by farms exist, and minimal forward linkages: elevators for storage and multi-modal transportation industry to export. Key Outcomes: Work under this objective is in the early stages and will be a focus in years 3 and 4. Obj. E.6. Activities: A preliminary list of topics that address barriers for adoption have been drafted for future webinar/pod cast development. The products will primarily be developed in year 3 and throughout year 4, when stakeholder input has been gathered. Data collected, summary statistics and discussion and outcomes: Given the dependence of this objective on E.5, work and data collection will begin in years 3 and 4. Obj. E.7. Activities: Initial barriers associated with agronomic practices and policy have been identified.Data collected, summary statistics and discussion and outcomes: All data associated with this objective is preliminary in nature. Obj. Ed.8. Activities: A project seminar series was developed in collaboration with a departmental series. Data collected:Student evaluations and attendance. Summary statistics and discussion: The seminar helped participants gain a better understanding of the overall project and the concepts of resiliency and systems thinking. Outcomes: New collaboration among project faculty and other instructors.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Baskota, S., and Schroeder, K. 2019. Effect of seeding depth, fertilizer application, seeding rate, and seeding rate of the agronomic performance of two winter pea cultivars. In: 2019 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 33-34). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2019-1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Vargas, J., C. Zhang, J. Smitchger, R. McGee, and S. Sankaran. 2019. Phenotyping of Plant Biomass and Performance Traits Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Pea. Sensors 19: 2031. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092031.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gao, Z., Russell, E., Pressley, S. N., Brooks, E. S., Liu, H., Lamb, B. K., Impacts of water flow in soil layers on the surface energy balance closure, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018, abstract #A31K-3020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L., S.D. Eigenbrode, E. Brooks, I.C. Burke, D.R. Huggins, B.K. Lamb, R. McGee, S. Pressley, K. Schroeder, C. Seavert, C. Stockle. Pacific Northwest Wheat-Based Systems: Landscapes in Transition. 2018 Western Pulse Growers Association Annual Meeting. Moscow, ID Dec. 12, 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L., S.D. Eigenbrode, E. Brooks, I.C. Burke, D.R. Huggins, B.K. Lamb, R. McGee, S. Pressley, K. Schroeder, C. Seavert, C. Stockle. Pacific Northwest Wheat-Based Systems: Landscapes in Transition. 2018. Climate and Agroecology Project Directors Meeting. Washington, D.C. Dec. 6-7.

Progress 08/01/17 to 07/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:This project aims to reach a large and varied portion of the agricultural community. The target audience includes traditional stakeholders such as farmers, crop advisers, agricultural and climate change scientists, and extension educators. In addition, we are targeting private industry by including companies that sale crop insurance, fertilizers, and seed and those involved with breeding crop cultivars. Finally, we are reaching out to state/federal entities that deal with risk management. Changes/Problems:Major changes were limited to a few objectives as described below. For objective R.1, we were able to partner with USDA-ARS to sample for soil health indicators in three long-term trials located in Ritzville, WA instead of one, as written in the proposal. For objective R.2, we have changed our method of estimating methane production. Originally, we proposed to purchase a methane pump and make measurements. Cost (~$10,000 each), especially given the fact that the project was not funded at the level requested, prevented us from purchasing multiple sensors. A regional rancher, who has worked on greenhouse gas emissions internationally for over a decade, and project stakeholder committee member, suggested that calculation of methane release based on existing equations and forage quality estimates is a superior method that is recommended bythe ICCP. After further study, the research team decided to utilize this method and utilize cost-savings for additional forage quality sampling. This allowed us to develop a strong collaboration with, Dr. Gwinyai Chibisa (ruminant nutrient metabolism) from the University of Idaho. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training: Three graduate students and two post-doctoral researchers started at the beginning of the project. The graduate students worked closely with their mentors and other faculty and staff associated with the project. The post-doctoral researchers are associated with objective R.2 (nitrogen and water balance work) and worked with all project personnel to develop plans and lists of parts and costs for the flux towers, weather stations, and soil moisture/temperature monitoring stations. Regardless of their disciplines all students assisted with the sampling of soil, crop and organisms, providing hands-on training in different disciplines. Students and post-doctoral researchers were active at the weekly project meetings and gained confidence in using collaboration software and representing their objectives in front of other researchers. Professional development: Two of the three graduate students presented their work related to this project at professional meetings. One of those students received a 2nd place award for his poster presentation. As new students join the project in year 2, and more data is gathered we expect greater professional development activities. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Given the early stage of this project, results are not yet available to disseminate widely. Presentations about the project have been made to regional, national and international audiences. A stakeholder advisory committee was developed and invited to the first project meeting. Many presentations were made regarding the project's objectives, methods and management. Feedback from the stakeholders was recorded and resulted in several improvements to the project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?All objectives- dissemination of project information through presentationsand publications and completion of the project website R.1. Optimize agronomic practices for winter pea and cover crops and determine the impact of diversified rotations on weeds, insects and soil health. -analyze data and fine-tune agronomic treatments in the small plot studies for winter pea -determine optimum cover crop mixes for both sites (cropping zones) -continue to monitor organisms, soil health indicators, insects and weeds in strip trials -relate soil environmental properties (moisture, temperature) to arthropod community characteristics -begin to analyze the relationship between soil health indicators and yield/crop quality -begin to isolate crop and rotational impacts on soil, insect and weed populations -complete analysis of samples collected from the winter pea genetics-forage quality study -start relating genetic characteristics to forage quality measurements R.2. Quantify the impact of diversified systems on nitrogen and water budgets and GHG emissions at the crop, rotation, farm, and landscape scale. -complete sampling and data analysis foryear 1 -optimize function of all instrumentation -develop standard data processing procedures to QA/QC flux data and produce 30 min. average flux products -continue to measure nitrogen pools and balance in strip trials and flux tower fields -continue to measure water balance in strip trials and flux tower fields -continue measurement of data from flux towers -begin work to parameterize a cropping systems model using field data R.3. Determine the effect of diversified systems on farm-level yields (intensification) and profitability. -work with growers to enter data into AgBizLogic program -AgBizLogic (now available in beta phase) released to public as version 1.0 (expected August 2018) -release completed AgBizFinance for public use -complete development of AgBizLease R.4. Identify the impact of on-farm and surrounding land use on weed and insect populations. -complete analysisof 2018 data on bees -complete development of methodologiesfor assessing impacts of alternative crops on weed and insect populations acrossmultiple scales -initiate sampling protocol in spring 2019 E.5. Develop a food supply chain vulnerability matrix including all relevant activities and actors for the entire region and identify critical leverage points for adaption and mitigation. -conduct interviews with producers and stakeholders about potential changes to the food supply chain -determine the vulnerability of farm-level and value-added sectorsby considering the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity for iPNW agribusinesses; use of theresults of these discussionsin the IMPLAN modeling E.6. Disseminate the food chain matrix and provide training for other groups interested in applying a systems-based approach to improving resiliency to climate change. -a plan for the content and release date of webinars focused on the vulnerability matrix will be developed -work will begin on the development of initial webinars E.7. Determine the socio-economic and policy-related barriers to the adaptation and mitigation practices identified and develop tools to overcome these barriers. -work to be initiated when vulnerability assessment is complete Ed.8. Provide a seminar series to assist researchers, graduate students, and stakeholders in developing systems-based and resiliency thinking. -seminar series format will be determined and scheduled for spring 2019 -evaluation materials will be developed

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project will provide comprehensive data needed by farmers to diversifyrotations, decrease fallow and improve resilience in the face of increasing climatic variability. System-based approaches will be used to determine the impact of alternative crops at the farm and landscape scale. R.1. Optimize agronomic practices and soil health Major activities: -stakeholder advisory committee meeting held -one abstract was published and seven presentations made -two replicated plot experiments in Genesee, ID (annual cropping zone) and St. John, WA (transition zone; fallow once every three years) developed to test winter pea agronomic practices (small plots) and experimental rotations (strip trials) -plot experiment to determine winter pea genetic factors influencing forage quality established -three long-term, alternative winter crops trials in the crop fallow zone (Ritzville, WA) sampled Data collected: -small plots: emergence, winter survival, vine length and row length, yield, and seed weight -strip trials: forage yield and quality, arthropods, pollinator diversity, indicators of soil health -pea genetics: number of basal branches, canopy heights, stem lengths, leaf size and area, dry biomass and NDVI Summary statistics and Discussion: Spring cover crop biomass was 21,232 kg/ha at Genesee in the spring and 9,768 kg/ha at St. John. More than 7,500 individuals from 9 orders and 27 families were collected from pitfall traps. The dominant taxa present in all rotations at both sites were Collembola, with the highest abundance in winter wheat at Genesee (1,970 individuals) and the lowest abundance in winter pea at St. John (459 individuals). The Shannon-Weaver Index was higher for winter wheat than for winter pea at both sites, indicating that winter wheat has a more diverse and evenly distributed epigeic arthropod community. Earthworm density ranged from 32 to 576 individuals/m2 across the plots at Genesee, and from 21 to 224 individuals/m2 at St. John. Preliminary data from the pea genetics study show that estimates of pea biomass using NDVI data are correlated (R2=0.997) to measured values. Key outcomes: Knowledge of soil organisms at the two sites significantly increased. Work under this objective will provide growers with new knowledge and tools to better manage winter pea and cover crops while managing for beneficial organisms and soil health. R.2. Quantify the impact of diversified systems on nitrogen and water budgets and GHG emissions at the crop, rotation, farm, and landscape scale. Major activities: -three flux towers with micrometerological sensors placed at each of the strip trial sites -images and "real-time" data from each of the flux towers has been made available (http://micromet.paccar.wsu.edu/fluxlit/.) -bulk soil electrical conductivity was mapped at the St. John strip trials and in the tower fields Data collected: -water vapor and CO2 flux, micrometerological data (flux tower fields only), pre-plant and post-harvest soil nitrogen forms, total nitrogen crop uptake, soil moisture and temperature, gravimetric soil moisture and soil temperature Summary statistics and Discussion: At this early stage of the project, data is actively being collected and samples are being analyzed in the laboratory. Key outcomes: Data from the towers is available online providing growers will a new tool to better understand carbon and water dynamics as well as viewing climate and soil moisture conditions for the two sites. R.3. Determine the effect of diversified systems on farm-level yields and profitability. Major activities: -budgets completed and uploaded to the AgBizlogic model to predict profitability -AgBizLogic now accessible to growers in Beta stage (http://www.agbizlobic.com) -Program specifications and code for AgBizFinance, an additional tool in the AgBizLogic suite that considers profitability at the whole-farm level written Data collected: Work under this objective has focused on the development of budgets and AgBizLogic tools. Summary statistics and discussion: Work under this objective has focused on programing of the tools and data are not currently available for analysis. Key outcomes: New economic decision support tools developed. R.4. Identify the impact of on-farm and surrounding land use on weed and insect populations. Major activities: -post-doctoral research familiar with landscape scale sample analyses recruited -initial sampling of bees -a previously collected (2012), data set analyzed to provide baseline information on bees at the landscape scale Data collected: bees from five winter pea plots at Genesee, ID and cover crop treatments at St. John sampled in June/July Summary statistics and discussion: Based on a preliminary assessment, roughly 21% of the 432 total bee specimens trapped at Genesee were honey bees and 14% were bumble bees.Among the other bees, Eucerawas the most dominantgenus(~30%).At St. John, no honey bees were collectedand only 5% of 463 total specimens were bumble bees.In contrast to Genesee, Euceraspp. were rare and Agopostemonwas the most dominant genus (~35-40%) at St. John. Survey data from 2012 suggest a strong north south cline in Bombus abundance. This seems to be consistent with the 2018 data in which Bombus was much less abundant in St. John than in Genesee. Key outcomes: This work represents the first deliberate attempt to survey bees in the agricultural-dominated Inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW) landscape. Findings, therefore, provide new information on an organism that provides critical ecosystem services. E.5. Develop a food supply chain vulnerability matrix including all relevant activities and actors for the entire region and identify critical leverage points for adaption and mitigation. Major activities: Work in year one has focused on determining vulnerability of activities occurring at the farm level through the use of the AgBizClimate tool within AgBizLogic. The AgBizLogic development team has linked up to 14 weather variables to long-term (25 to 40 years) climate projections in the AgBizClimate module. Data collected: available climate tools researched and utilized as appropriate Summary statistics and discussion: Work on this objective has focused on model development in year 1. Data from growers will be collected and analyzed starting in year 2. Key outcomes: AgBizLogic will provide a novel and comprehensive tool for growers to better understand risk and short and long-term outcomes associated with adoption of new rotations. E.6. Disseminate the food chain matrix and provide training for other groups interested in applying a systems-based approach to improving resiliency to climate change. Major activities: Work on this objective will begin in year 2 when stakeholder input gathered through interviews is incorporated. Data collected, summary statistics and discussion and key outcomes: Given the dependence of this objective on E.5, work and data collection will begin in year 2. E.7. Determine the socio-economic and policy-related barriers to the adaptation and mitigation practices identified and develop tools to overcome these barriers. Major activities: Work on this objective will begin in year 2 when stakeholder input gathered through interviews is incorporated into the determination of vulnerabilities. Data collected, summary statistics and discussion and key outcomes: Given the dependence of this objective on findings from E.5 and E.6, work and data collection will begin in year 2. Ed.8. Provide a seminar series to assist researchers, graduate students, and stakeholders in developing systems-based and resiliency thinking. Major activities: Meetings have been held to determine the scope and content of the seminar. Data collected: The syllabus of a previously taught resilience seminar was reviewed. Summary and discussion: Past experience was considered and a multi-semester seminar planned. Key outcomes: New collaboration among project faculty and other instructors

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Baskota, S., J. Johnson-Maynard, S. Eigenbrode, E. Brooks, C. Seavert, S. Pressley, B. Lamb, C. Stockle, I. Burke, D. Huggins, R. McGee, and K. Schroeder. 2018. Diversifying wheat-based cropping systems with integration of legumes and cover crops. In: 2018 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress (pp. 29-30). Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Report UI-2018-1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Westerhold, C., S. D. Eigenbrode. 2018. Soil arthropod communities of conventional and alternative wheat-based agroecosystems of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Display Presentation, Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV, June 2018
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kalin, J., S. D. Eigenbrode. 2018. Arthropod community composition in current and projected agricultural systems in the Inland Pacific Northwest. Display Presentation, Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV, June 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Eigenbrode, S. D., Y. Wu, J. Hennessey, S. Davis. 2018. Legume viruses within Pacific Northwest landscapes in transition. Invited Oral Presentation, Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV, June 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L., S.D. Eigenbrode, E. Brooks, I.C. Burke, D.R. Huggins, B.K. Lamb, R. McGee, S. Pressley, K. Schroeder, C. Seavert, C. Sockle. Pacific Northwest Wheat-Based Systems: Landscapes in Transition. 2017 Bioeconomy Agroecosystems Project Directors Meeting. Tampa, Florida Oct. 20-23.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Johnson-Maynard et al. Inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems: Landscapes in transition. U.S. Dry Pea and Lentil Association 2017 Research Meeting. Sept. 14, 2017. Moscow, ID (broadcasted to WA and MT).
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Johnson-Maynard. Inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems: Landscapes in transition. Invited presentation to the INTIA scientists. Tecnologias e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias (INTIA). April 11, 2018. Pamplona, Spain.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Johnson-Maynard, J.L. et al. 2018. Inland Pacific Northwest wheat-based systems: Landscapes in transition. Cropping Systems Conference. Jan. 9-11, 2018. Kennewick, WA.