Progress 06/15/21 to 08/15/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of this effort included the agrochemical scientific community as well as other valuable stakeholders. These include end-users and policy makers with the goal of agrochemical monitoring and remediation. This effort has been communicated with Ag and Biosystems Engineering (ABE) admin at Iowa State who are affiliated with extension and outreach. Furthermore, such efforts and findings have been disseminated through published manuscripts and conferences including ACS and Wiley Journals as well as the Gordon Research Conference of Nanoscale Science and Engineering of Ag and Food Systems and the International Biological Engineering Conference. Changes/Problems:Cascade Enzyme Functionalization: Though we developed various sensors that could specifically detect a target agrochemical based upon the electrochemical potential or enzyme, designing new enzyme systems for dicamba and atrazine proved to be difficult. The solution to detecting both molecules involved a multi-enzyme cascade approach where the interaction of the pesticide and one enzyme produced a molecule that would interact with another enzyme, thus leading to a readable electronic signal. However, developing the optical assays to confirm the concept were fundamental compared to functionalizing an electrode with multiple enzymes. More research could be conducted to better understand how to develop a multi-enzyme assay or functionalizing an electrode with multiple enzymes that must act sequentially. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Funds have provided training in a variety of technical trainings including 3D printing, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, liquid chromatgraphy-mass spectroscopy, and electrochemical instruments. I have received professional development opportunities throughfunded conferences (Gordon Reserach Conferecne and International Biological Engineering). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through scientific journals and conferences. Additionally, a relationship has been created through the Iowa State University Ag and Biosystems Engineering department and extension and outreach with respect to agrochemical monitoring with the compact devices devloped in this work. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The entirety of Goal I, II, IV, and V were completed witht the exception of hosted workshops in Goal IV Obj 1. No progress was made toward goal III.
Publications
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
R. Zribi, Z. T. Johnson, G. Ellis, C. Banwart, J. Opare-Addo, S. L. Hooe, J. Breger, A. Foti, P. G.Gucciardi, E. A. Smith, C. L. Gomes, I. L. Medintz, G. Neri, J. C. Claussen. Molybdenum Disulfide/Diselenide-Laser-Induced GrapheneGlycine Oxidase Composite for Electrochemical Sensing of Glyphosate (2024). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
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Progress 06/15/23 to 06/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience has remained the same for this reporting period. Research has been disseminated to biosensing colleagues, environmental monitoring personnel, and agricultural stakeholders in the form of manuscripts, editorials, and conferences. Additionally, the work associated with this fellowship has been discussed with professors in Iowa State University's Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. Through these discussions, we have brainstormed approaches to communicating our research to farmers, legislators, and outdoor recreational companies who would be interested in our environmental monitoring devices. We are coordinating a virtual field day where we will demonstrate our devices in field applications, with the recorded demonstration made available to interested stakeholders. Changes/Problems:In developing our planar, solid state devices, we have found difficulties in creating a stable reference electrode. Commerical reference electrodes require metallic silver to be coated with silver chloride in a aqueous potassium chloride vial. Due to the miniuarization of our devices, we must make the reference a solid state system without the use of potassium chloride. However, in eliminating this electrolyte, we must apply a salt-loaded PVC membrane. This reference is stable except in solutions with large fluctuations of chlorides. These fluctuations present difficulties in acquiring stable readings for selective ion sensing. To solve this issue, we plan to either create a small PDMS well that houses the liquid electrolyte or to first coat our reference with silver followed by a silver/silver chloride ink that is further bleached to ensure the proper chlorination of the electrode. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?I have received further opportunities to present my research at conferences, including the Gordon Research Conference for Nanoscale Sciencce and Engineering for Agriculture and Food Systems (June 2024). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Work has been dissimenated or planned to be dissimenated in ACS Sensors, Global Challenges, Nano Futures, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, and ACS Nano. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Similar to or in addition to the previous project report, Goal I, II, and V havebeen completed in their entirety.Goal IV has been partially completed. Objective 2 will tentatively be accomplished by the end of June 2024 as we are coordinating a virtual workshop to demonstrate the use of our devices in the field, at which point the recording will be made available to interested stakeholders.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Agricultural Monitoring through Nanoengineering of Graphitic Surfaces. Nanoscale Science and Engineering for Agriculture and Food Systems - Gordon Research Conference.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Molybdenum Nanosheet-Functionalized Laser-Induced Graphene with Glycine Oxidase for Electrochemical Sensing of Glyphosate. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Enhanced Laser-Induced Graphene Microfluidic Integrated Sensors (LIGMIS) for On-site Biomedical and Environmental Monitoring. ACS Nano. (pre-submission)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Roadmap on Printable Electronic Materials for Next-Generation Sensors. Nano Futures.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Development of Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Agrochemical and Biomedical Monitoring. Iowa State University.
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Progress 06/15/22 to 06/14/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience has remained the same for this reporting period. Research has been disseminated to biosensing colleagues, environmental monitoring personnel, and agricultural stakeholders in the form of manuscripts, editorials, and conferences. Changes/Problems:Complex fluid validation is not too straightforward and typically requires some type of analyte extraction, which is a process we hoped to avoid to make our electrochemical approach simple. Additionally, if the sample is not diluted enough, it remains to viscous and turbid and potentially harms the surface of the sensors. Our plan is to explore other nanomaterials that lower our limits of detection so that we may dilute the samples beyond this turbidity point and ideally avoid further sample extraction. Another challenge has been discriminating between glyphosate and AMPA, the major glyphosate metabolite. Though both are indiciative of the initial presence of glyphosate, we planned to detect both selectively against one another. However, as the structures are similar, our biorecognition agent uses similar chemical identifiers in both chemicals to react with, thus making it difficult to distinguish between them. We have explored the idea of deamination to convert a fluid sample between glyphosate and AMPA, but this work is in its beginning stages. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has offered me opportunities in meeting others in the biosensing and nanomaterial community from various universities and countries. Additionally, our newest work will be disseminated through another publication which we plan to submit to ACS Nano. This work will be disseminated at conferences as well. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Work has been disseminated through journal publications (ACS Sensors, Global Challenges) and conferences including the Gordon Research Conference and the Institute for Biological Engineering. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I plan to finalize the multiplex sensor and fluid modeling. To finalize the project, I plan to incorporate the ML algorithm and to extend my research findings and project ideas in a workshop with agricultural workers and other associated personnel. This will be done with the help of the Department of Agriculturaland Biosystems Engineeringat Iowa State University.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In addition to the previous goals completed during the last progess report, we have begun work on the multiplex aspect and real sample validation. Briefly, a multiplex agrochemical sensor is being developed to take one sample droplet and divide into 2-3 sensing chambers. Fluidic modeling and the governing equations for fluid transport (Lucas Washburn and Darcy's Law) are being used to better understand the fluid flow in the microfluidic device. Thought not entirely complete, this involved Goal I Objectives 6 and 7 and Goal II Objectives 1-4.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Enzymatic Biosensors for Electrochemical Sensing of Herbicides and Insecticides. Nanoscale Science and Engineering for Agriculture and Food Systems - Gordon Research Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Glycine Oxidase Functionalized Laser-Induced Graphene as a Selective Glyphosate Biosensing Platform. Institute of Biological Engineering Conference.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Enzymatic Molybdenum Nanosheet-Functionalized Laser-Induced Graphene Sensor for Electrochemical Sensing of Glyphosate (pre-submission)
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Progress 06/15/21 to 06/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:This reporting period ending in June of 2022 reaches biosensing colleagues, environmental monitoring personnel, and agricultural stakeholders. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has allowed PD Johnson to prepare research findings that will be presented at the Gordon Research Conference which is a nanoscale-based symposium for agriculture and food systems research. PD Johnson will be given the opportunity to engage and network with others in the scienfic and food systems community. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To this point, results have been disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals (ACS Sensors and Global Challenges). The most immediate dissemination will occur in the stakeholder and agricultural/biosystems workshop in coordination with the ISU ABE extension and outreach office. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?PD Johnson will continue work on novel and commerically available enzymes and antibodies that can be used to detect the remaining herbicides listed in the project. To this date, the detection of glyphosate has been completed. Preliminary data indicates the current researched enzymes can detect atrazine and 2,4-D. PD Johnson will coordinate with the Naval Research Lab and explore current literature to determine the best course of action for detecting dicamba. As pesticide deteciton progresses, PD Johnson will work with mentors and collaborators toimplementmachine learning algorithms and validatethe sensors in real-time at field locations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under Goal I, objectives 1, 3, 5, and 7 have been fully or partially completed. Glyphosate and its cheimcal oxidation through glycine oxidase have been submitted to Global Challenges. Additionally, the enzyme glyoxylate reductase can also be used but this sensor needs further tuning. Preliminary data indicates the enzyme atrazine hydrolase can be used to hydrolize atrazine, thus cleaving a chloride ion that can be potentiometrically read. The enzyme tyrosinase is inhibted by the 2,4-D. Glutaraldehyde is a fairly succesfful protein cross linker and best works near concentrations of 0.2-0.5%. EDC/NHS chemistry is also possible and is better employed for self-assembled monolayer functionlization methods which are required for the nanoporous gold leaf material. The current, developed biosensors are negligibly influenced by other pesticide interferents and showa strong affinity toward the appropriate herbicides. Pesticides have been accurately detected in complex fluids including river water from the South Skunk River as well as corn and soybean residues. Under Goal IV, objectives 1, 2, and 3 have been fully or partially completed. PD Johnson is in coordination with the ISU Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering extrension and outreach to conduct a workshop with local stakeholders, students, and other interested parties. Research has been disseminated through publications and will be disseminated in June of 2022 at the Gordon Research Conference. Under Goal V, objective 1 has been fully or partially completed. PD Johnson mentors 2 undergraduate students and 1 graduate student. All students under PD Johnson's mentorship have contributed to the current success of this USDA NIFA project.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Johnson, Z. T.; Jared, N.; Peterson, J. K.; Li, J.; Smith, E. A.; Walper, S. A.; Hooe, S. L.; Breger, J. C.; Medintz, I. L.; Gomes, C.; Claussen, J. C.; Enzymatic Laser-Induced Graphene Biosensor for Electrochemical Sensing of the Herbicide Glyphosate. Global Challenges (2022). Submitted.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Johnson, Z. T.; William, K.; Chen, B.; Sheets, R.; Jared, N.; Li, J.; Smith, E. A.; Claussen, J. C. Electrochemical Sensing of Neonicotinoids Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS Sensors (2021).
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